Chapter 1 (IPS) INDONESIA INDEPENDENCE EFFORTS TO PREPARE

A. INDONESIA INDEPENDENCE EFFORTS TO PREPARE
  
On 7 September 1944, in an extraordinary session of parliament in Tokyo, Prime Minister of Japan, Koiso, announced that the nations that ruled Japan, including the East Indies (Indonesia), will be allowed free future. The cause of the issuance of the statement is Japan hoping the people of the nations promised Japan would be willing to assist in maintaining the region against the allies. For that Kumakici Harada General announced the formation of an Investigation Agency Efforts Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI) or in the Japanese language Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai. The aim was to study and investigat This BPUPKI officially established on May 28, 1945. in the trial, this body began to formulate the Constitution, starting with the basic issues of State. There were three people who submit ideas, which is Moh. Yamin, Supomo, and Sukarno.
In the first session, May 29, 1945, Moh. Yamin suggested five basic idea of the State.
Here are five ideas Moh. Yamin
1.    Peri nationality
2.    Humanitarianism
3.    Peri divinity
4.    Peri populist
5.    Welfare
Two days later, on May 31, 1945, Supomo read his ideas, the following contents.e important matters relating to the establishment of the independent Indonesian state.
1.    Unity
2.    Kinship
3.    Physical and spiritual balance
4.    Deliberation
5.    Justice of the people

The next day, June 1, 1945, Sukarno suggested the idea, which was given the name of Pancasila. Sukarno's Pancasila according to the following.

1. Indonesian Nationality
2. Internationalism or humanitarianism
3. Consensus or democracy
4. Social welfare
5. Belief in God Almighty

The first session does not produce a conclusion or statement. BPUPKI had formed a small committee in charge holds suggestions, proposals, and concepts are given. Small committee led by Sukarno had a meeting with members BPUPKI. The results formed a small committee who has 9, which was known to the Committee Nine. This committee consists of Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, Muzakir, Wahid Hasyim, H.A. Salim, and Abikusno.

Committee of Nine formulations were later given the name of Jakarta Charter or the Charter of Jakarta. Formulation as follows.
1.    Godhead, with the obligation to run for the followers of Islamic law-adherents.
2.     Basic humanitarian fair and civilized.
3.    Unity of Indonesia.
4.    Democracy led by the wisdom and discretion in pemusyawaratan and representation.
5.     (And with the realization of a) social justice for all Indonesian people.
In the second trial, which took place on July 10, 1945, discussed the draft Constitution, including the opening or by a committee of designers preambulnya Constitution, headed by Sukarno. At the hearing on July 11, 1945, the committee argued the Constitution designer three concepts that have become bahasannya results. The third concept is a statement of independent Indonesia, the opening of the Constitution, and the body of the Constitution. These concepts and then received BPUPKI. Concept statements made by Indonesia to take the first three paragraphs charter Jakarta with inserts, inserts, especially the first and second dialinea. Meanwhile, the concept of opening the Constitution is almost entirely taken from the fourth and last paragraphs Jakarta Charter. The results of this small committee formula perfected the language by a committee consisting Penghalus language of Husein Djajadiningrat, H. Agus Salim, and Supono.
The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI)
      After BPUPKI completed the task, this body was dissolved and replaced by a preparatory committee for Indonesia's Independence (PPKI) or Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai. This body was formed in August 1945 and 21 members who represent all segments of Indonesian society.
PPKI led by Sukarno and his deputy Moh. Hatta and advisers Ahmad Soebardjo. Board was established on August 9 in Dalat, Saigon, by General Terauchi of Japan as a fleet commander for Southeast Asia. In Dalat, General Tauchi again emphasized to give independence to Indonesia. In addition, Tauchi-General also stressed that the members be allowed to do activities PPKI opinion and willingness of the Indonesian nation itself. However, they are required to consider the following matters.
1.    The first requirement is to achieve complete independence war faced by Indonesia.
2.     Indonesia is a member of the State Environmental prosperity together in the Greater East Asia. Therefore, the ideals of the Indonesian people should be adjusted with the ideals of the Japanese government is eager Hakko Ichiu.

The day after the Proclamation of Independence PPKI opening session and ratified the Constitution and the torso. Prepared BPUPKI. But the initiative of Moh. Hatta, made several changes in the opening of the Constitution.
Among them, the word "with the obligation that runs to the adherents of Islamic Shari'a" replaced with "the Almighty".
Thus, the overall noise of the State of Indonesia at the opening of the Constitution is as follows.

1. Belief in God Almighty.
2. Humanity is just and civilized
3. Unity of Indonesia.
4. Democracy guided by the wisdom of deliberation / representation.
5. Social justice for all Indonesian people.
This last formulation is a compromise made in order to realize the union with Indonesia based on religious pluralism.

 B. ABOUT THE EVENT Proclamation 17 August 1945

Events Rengasdengklok
     The news of the defeat of Japan in World War II began to spread among the Indonesian youth. They think this is the most appropriate moment to proclaim the independence of Indonesia. However, Sukarno and Moh. Hatta did not agree with the plan of the youth. Lead to bloodshed.
Sukarno and Moh. Hatta assume that the Declaration of Independence must first be planned and decided by PPKI. Meanwhile, the youth are the agency considers PPKI Japanese formation. Therefore, they are determined to be free of the Declaration of Independence thing - something that smelled of Japan. If necessary, the Proclamation of Independence done by force if Japanese troops trying to stonewall - obstruct.
On August 15, 1945, at the Bacteriological Laboratory (Central Jakarta) held a meeting between some youths and students. Leaders meeting was Chairul Saleh. They agreed to reject all forms of independence from the Japanese prize. They also agreed that independence is the right and the problem of the Indonesian people themselves are not dependent on other nations. Therefore, the independence should be proclaimed. The youths also will ask Sukarno and Moh. Hatta to decide everything to do withJapanese. Then the meeting decided to send Wikana and Dervish to the two people to convey the decision of the youth meeting.
Wikan and dervish arrived at Sukarno's residence in East Pegangsaan street, no.56, Jakarta, at about 21:00. Both convey the results of the meeting's decision. They also urged that the proclamation of Indonesian Independence declared the next day, on 16 August 1945.
At that time came, some nationalist leaders like Moh. Hatta, Iwa Kusumasumantri, Samsi, Buntaran, Sudiro, and Subardjo. After conferring with leaders - the leaders, Sukarno declared that they were not able to meet the demands of youth. Sukarno stated that on 16 August 1945 is planned to be held the hearing to discuss the PPKI the proclamation of Indonesian Independence.
After midnight, the boys returned in dormitory meetings Baperpi (Indonesian Youth Consultative Body) on the road Cikini, No.71, Jakarta. They discussed the attitude of leaders - political figures, such as Sukarno and Moh. Hatta. Finally, they came to the conclusion to act decisively. One of them is to secure the two figures are from Japanese influence.
The place chosen to secure Sukarno and Moh. Hatta is Rengasdengklok, a city in Kerawang kewedanan. This place was chosen as the headquarters PETA (Defenders of the Fatherland) under Cudanco (Company Commander) and Subeno isolated from highway Jakarta - Cirebon. In addition, Cudan Rengsdengklok under MAP Purwakarta Daidan Command which has close relations with Jakarta Map Daidan.
Efforts to secure Sukarno and Moh. Hatta was conducted on August 16, 1945 at 04.00 in the morning. Chairul Saleh and was assigned to pick up Muwardi Soekarno, while Jusuf Kunto Sukarni and pick Moh. Hatta.
At around 04.00 pm. Go Pegangsaan group from the East, no. 56, Jakarta. The delegation was escorted by troops under the command of MAP Cudanso Singgih.
Entourage Sukarno and Moh. Hatta arrived in Rengasdengklok safely in the morning, 16 August 1945. This group consists of Sukarni, Jusuf Kunto, Sutjipto, and Umar Bachsan. Explain Sukarni bring these two political figures get away from Jakarta. Sukarno and Moh. Hatta asked to proclaim the independence of Indonesia.
Meanwhile, Jakarta began precarious situation. Jusuf Kunto returned to Jakarta to report on the situation in Subardjo Rangasdengklok to Ahmad, who was looking for Sukarno and Moh. Hatta. Ahamad Subardjo reached an agreement with Wikana as youth representatives. They agreed that the independence of Indonesia will soon proclaimed. Sukarno and Moh. Hatta must be returned first to Jakarta. Kaigun group said it was preparing a safe place, which is the residence of Admiral Tadashi Maeda (now on the road Imam Bonjol, no.1 Jakarta).
Based on the agreement, Ahmad Subardjo, Jusuf Kunto, Sudiro, and Solomon, the second pick these figures. Then, they asked to Sukarno and Moh. Hatta declared Indonesia's independence immediately. Sukarno and Moh. Hatta willing to sign a declaration of Indonesian independence, provided that held in Jakarta. Youth leaders Sukarni first - initially rejected these conditions. However, after Ahmad Subardjo guarantee, kesetujuannya Sukarni states. It was decided that night that everything returned to Jakarta.
At around 23.00.WIB, entourage arrived in Jakarta. When Sukarno and Moh. Hatta came to the house of Admiral Maeda, there have been waiting BM Diah from Asia Raya newspaper, Semaun Bakri of the Java Hokokai, Sayuti Melik, Iwa Kusumasumantri and PPKImembers.
Ahmad Subardjo and Iwa Kusumasumantri to where the youth to take them home Admiral Maeda. The youth refused because of their plans no agreement Admiral Maeda wear home. Subardjo Ahmad explained that it was done to prevent interference and obstruction of Kempetai Japan. The youths then agreed that the future is Chairul Saleh and Sukarni as representatives of the youth. The members present PPKI lot.
Basic differences between groups of young and old groups are located essentially on the momentum should be performed when the Proclamation of Independence of the Republic of Indonesia and how to implement it. Older groups among others consists of Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, Ahmad Subardjo, Iwa Kusumasumantri, Buntaran, and the Samsi. Youth groups, among others, consists of Sutan Syahrir, Chairul Saleh, Djohar Nur, Subadjo, Subianto, Kusnandar, Margono, Wikana, and Armansyah. Old class argued that the proclamation of Indonesian independence should be implemented on the basis of considerations - political considerations. This is done to avoid bloodshed in Japan and through the cooperation with Japan. According to the old group, PPKI is the most effective media to fight for independence.
Instead the young group did not approve the proposed process and adopted by the old group. Group argues that PPKI is a Japanese organization. Youth groups willing to Indonesian Independence implemented on the basis of their own strength. PPKI as they consider Japanese agency to "reward" for Indonesian Independence. Young group demands that the rights of Indonesia's independence and the Indonesian people issues that can not be suspended for another State. They demanded that the negotiations with the independence of Indonesia, was held as soon as possible. However, beyond that, there are actually differences between these two groups led to a common goal of independence of Indonesia and the creation of a sovereign state of Indonesia.

Formulation Text Proclamation
At around 01.30, August 17, 1945, negotiations at the house of Admiral Maeda Tadashi at start. In these negotiations, Sukarno and Moh. Hatta proposed that the proclamation of independence was signed the day before keesokaan PPKI trial. Sukarni and Chairul Saleh as youth representatives rejected the proposal. Sukarni then read the text that was prepared by the youth. The contents of these texts, in addition to declaration of independence, there is also emphasis that the people will take the body - the body of foreign-controlled government. Soekarno, Moh. Hatta, and members - members of other PPKI, consider the text is too hard and they refused.
Before home Laksana Maeda, Sukarno and Moh. Hatta met Major General. Nishimura to negotiate. At the meeting, no agreement reached between Soekarno Moh. Hatta and Nishimura. Therefore, Sukarno and Moh. Hatta to the conclusion that there was no point in talking about the independence of Indonesia in Japan. They expect the implementation of the proclamation is not excluded - prevented by the Japanese.
Sukarno with the help of Moh. Hatta and Ahmad Subardjo then prepare a written text with a pencil on a sheet of paper with the title "Notice of Independence". Iwa Kusumasumantri the proposal, said the edict was replaced with the term Proclamation to read "Declaration of Independence". The entire text of the Proclamation of Independence formulation of Indonesia consists of two main parts, namely as beikut.

•    First  :  "We are the Indonesian people hereby declare the independence of   Indonesia".
•    Second:   "That - that of the transfer of power, etc. held careful manner and within the            shortest’s"
The first part is the suggestion that Ahmad Subardjo BPUPKI taken from the formula. Meanwhile, the second part is the brainchild Moh. Hatta.
After a small debate among parents groups and youth groups, the approved text of the Proclamation. However, new conflicts arise over who will sign it. Sukarno proposed that the manuscript was in signed by all present, which is considered as representative of the entire people of Indonesia. However, youth groups refused. Finally, agreement was reached that only Sukarno and Moh. Hatta, who will embellish the signature on behalf of the Indonesian nation based on the proposal Sukarni. Sayuti Melik typing this text and be ready for signature. By the early days, the manuscript "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence" signed by Sukarno and Moh.Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation.

Change the text of the proclamation in the process of typing by Sayuti Melik, is as follows.
1.    The word "the period" changed to "tempo"
2.    The word "representatives - representatives of the Indonesian people" changed to "on behalf of the Indonesian people"
3.    Formula "Djakarta 17-08-45" to "Djakarta 8 days 17 boelan tahoen 45".


Text of the Proclamation to be a statement of liberation and self-starting a new life as a nation, free from pressures and foreign bonds and become the gateway to a nation that berharkat and dignity.Proclamation also made way for the Indonesian people to determine its own-future.

Indonesia Independence

Young people spread the news immediately prepare the Proclamation of Independence. Announcement proclamation of independence in print quickly using improvised equipment and disseminated to the public. In the morning, August 17, 1945, Youth and People's Front who heard the plan for independence was proclaimed in large - came onto the field streaming Ikada (now field Monas, Central Jakarta). Apparently, the news they get is that the Declaration of Independence will be held in the field Ikada. In fact, the Proclamation took place in front of the residence of Sukarno, in the East Pegangsaan street, no.56 Jakarta Pusat. After hearing the news changes, the young men how to get there soon.

Composition of the event on August 17, 1945 are as follows:
1. Reading of the Proclamation
2. Red Flag flying of the White
3. Message from Mayor Suwirjo and Muwardi

Toward the proclamation ceremony, there was tension between Sukarno and continuous Muwardi urged by the youth to start the ceremony convey the desire of the youth to Sukarno. However, Sukarno insisted to wait until Moh. Hatta arrived.
Bung Hatta emerged only a few minutes before 10:00 am. When the two men are ready, pick up Cudanco Latief Hendradiningrat these two figures together Mom Fatmawati Sukarno to place the ceremony. Proclamation Day was held on Friday in the fasting month of 1356 H.
In a quiet atmosphere, Abdul Latif, Cudanco maps, Red and White flag of Indonesia Raya songs accompanied spontaneously sung by the entire audience. The event lasted for approximately one hour. Approximately fifteen minutes after the ceremony, Japanese soldiers came with the intention of preventing the Proclamation and dismissed the meeting. However, the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in progress and the people also was determined to maintain independence.
The news of the Proclamation spread quickly throughout the country and the world. In the morning, August 17, 1945, text of the Proclamation has reached the hands of Waidan B. Palenewen (head of radio news agency Domei). Then he ordered to broadcast Wuz F. Proclamation three times in succession - participated.
As a result of this broadcast, the Japanese leaders in Indonesia ordered to rectify and declare it as a mistake. It was followed by sealing of the Japanese radio transmitter. However, the youths managed to assemble a new transmitter in Menteng 31 with the code DJK calls I. From there, the news continues Independence disseminated throughout the country and the world. In addition to radio, news Proclamation also disseminated through newspapers and flyers.

C. POLICY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA TO THE BEGINNING OF INDEPENDENCE
Declaration of independence of the Republic of Indonesia August 17, 1945 is not the final goal to be achieved by the Indonesian people in escaping from invaders, but only as the beginning of the formation of a democratic state, sovereign, and have integrity in the international environment. Declaring the independence of Indonesia becomes the door opener for the Indonesian nation in building the nation's identity and life together in the future Indonesia. Various policies concerning the arrangement was initiated by the leaders of our nation in the early days of independence. Various fields that are considered important for the country to reform and focus the spotlight restruktrusasi scattered in the economic field - financial, bureaucratic, and military.
NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) in Allied occupied territory. These problems make the Indonesian Government on the establishment of regulations implementing the State Bank as an investment center and source of the velocity of money the State, and enforce the national currency.
As a form of implementation of this progressive economic policies, on July 5, 1945, Indonesian government set the rules on the establishment of Bank Negara Indonesia. Based on Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number. 2 in 1946, Bank Negara Indonesia 1946 became the first commercial bank owned by the government of the Republic of Indonesia. Margono Djojohadikusumo government appointed to serve as the leader / head of BNI 1946. Then, on October 1, 1946, the government issued Law No. 17 of 1946 which contains about enforcement Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI). This Act is strengthened by the Law No. 19 years in 1946 regulating the exchange of the Japanese currency against the ORI. Here are a few rules Japanese currency exchange them.
1.    In Java and Madura, a dollar equals ORI 50 rupiah Japanese currency
2.    Outside of Java and Madura, a dollar equals ORI 100 rupiah Japanese money.

Government policy of the Republic of Indonesia to spend money ORI has two main significant. First, to push inflation caused by the circulation of foreign currency in Indonesia. Second, to stabilize the price - the price of goods that are not tergapai by increased purchasing power in waku it.
Other government policies, the issuance of regulations on the obligation to save for the whole population of Java and Madura by the Minister of Finance, Ir.Surachman. By saving, community lending to the government. Loans from the community to the government on the deposit by the Post and Savings Bank home - home mortgage.
The government also issued a policy of nationalization de Javasche Bank to Bank Indonesia. After Indonesian independence, de Javasche Bank continues to function as the central bank and the bank circulation of cash flow and assets of the State. The composition of staff also continued to consist of people - the Dutch. The Indonesian government had difficulty with this condition because of financial policy can not be controlled independently by the Indonesian government. To overcome this, on June 19, 1951, the government formed a committee nationalization de Javasche Bank. Its function is to prepare the establishment of the Central Bank of Indonesia as the current state of monetary circulation.
The results of the committee's performance de Javsche Bank Nationalization was demonstrated on July 12, 1951. Government of the Republic of Indonesia Dr dismiss. Houwink from the position President de Javasche Bank and raised Syarifuddin Prawiranegara as President de Javsche new bank. Furthermore, on December 15, 1951, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia issued Law - Law No.24 Year 1951. Contents concerning nationalization de Javasche Bank NV to Bank Indonesia (BI) which serves as the central bank and the bank circulation in Indonesia. This Act in strengthened by Law No. State Gazette 11/1953 and No.. 40 which contains about restructuring the bureaucratic structure of financial and monetary authorities of Indonesia. The central bank as the Indonesian government's role in regulating monetary circulation and maintain monetary resilience to the present state.
Financial and economic policies of the government's progressive options is the establishment of the Economic Entity Designer inaugurated in January 1947. These institutions serve the economic development plan for two to three years. As a result, Dr. AKGani, then Minister of Welfare, proposed a draft 10-year development plan. Kasimo who served as Minister of Food Ingredients, is also rolling out a plan for food self-sufficiency in rice. This policy plan known as Plan Kasimo.
Government of the Republic of Indonesia in the early independence era also compiled a so-called economic policy economic system Citadel Movement, or better known as Fort Program. Fort Movement Economic System is a program initiated by Dr. Sumitro Djojohadikusumo and applied to the cabinet Natsir (September 1950 - April 1951) The rationale Dr.Sumitro initiate Djojokusumo in this system is that the arrangement of the Indonesian economy must start with changing the economic structure of Colonial into a national system. National entrepreneurs should be given priority to further develop the provision of capital assistance and training. Fortress program implemented from April 1950 to 1953. This program is intended to menghidupan industry - small industry as the main force of the national economy.
Although well-planned, this program does not succeed in achieving. The businessmen were even more dependent on the government without trying to be independent. Under Cabinet Sastroamidjojo Ali, Minister Economy, Iskaq Tjokrodisuryo, trying to push back entrepreneurs - small businesses to grow. Efforts - efforts that followed are as follows:

1.    The government requires foreign companies to train workers - workers Indonesia.
2.    The government established the State companies.
3.    The government provided loans for the national entrepreneurs.
4.    Government provides a clear legal protection.
Various policies - economic and financial policies initiated by prominent thinkers in the early independence of Indonesia is an initial step in building the resilience of the economy and monetary state.

Economic Policy - International Finance
The main problems faced by the Indonesian government in implementing economic and financial policies in the international stage is a sea blockade by the Dutch. Blockade is making economic activity and international diplomacy Indonesia become restricted. To overcome this, the Indonesian government to apply diplomatic strategy in two main strategies, namely the strategy of diplomacy through economic and political lines.
Through political channels, the strategy used is to give aid to India which was hit by a prolonged famine. In return, the Indian government promised to send the fabric when it was desperately needed by the people of Indonesia. Political significance of this diplomatic strategy lies in two things. First, the exit of food aid from Indonesia to India, Indonesia has shown the international world that the Dutch sea blockade has no implications for what - what the last line - cruise traffic Indonesia Indonesia and interaction with other countries. Second, the provision of food aid to Indonesia India shows that Indonesia has a good strategy to get the support of India in various international forums. The development of this diplomatic strategy led to positive results. Indonesia had the support of India in the forum - International forum for the Dutch forces to take action against the Indonesian sea blockade.
Through the economy, the Indonesian government implemented a strategy to create a direct trade contacts with foreign countries. For example, the United States, Malaya, and Singapore. Commodity sold is Sugar, Tea, Rubber, etc.. Indonesia established trade body called the Banking and Trading Corporation (BTC). This body is semi-government, and led by Dr. Sumitro Djojohadikoesoemo and Dr. Ong Eng Die. Efforts to contact trading strategy is supported by the Indonesian Navy with a fleet of sailboats and motor boats fast. Beginning in 1947, Indonesia established a trade representative institutions in Singapore called Indonesian Office (Indoff). These institutions serving economic diplomacy duty as a strategy to achieve Indonesia's foreign interests.
Economic strategy is considered quite effective for two main things. First, countries - countries that interact directly with the Indonesian Trade feel uncomfortable with the Dutch sea blockade. The reason is the product distribution channels increasingly hampered their trade. Second, the State - State trading partner of Indonesia will directly support Indonesia to revoke Dutch sea blockade on the grounds of economic interests and the smoothness of their trade to Indonesia. Further intensify trade contacts with the State - the State which provides support for the independence of Indonesia.

Government Bureaucracy Policy
Good composition and bureaucratic efficiency in a government is a prerequisite for achieving optimal performance of the government or a good governance.
The founders of the State in Indonesia argues that the bureaucracy and government sector, the main structure formed is the President and Vice President, and the composition of the cabinet to assist the performance of the President and the Vice President. So on August 18, 1945, PPKI formed on August 7, 1945 began trial. PPKI reach agreement on some basic things, which later became the basic formation of the bureaucratic system in Indonesia. The deal was, among other things:

1.    Establish and generate Constitution - Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 (UUD 1945) which contains 37 chapters.
2.    Choosing and Raising the High Chief of State, namely: Sukarno as President of the Republic of Indonesia and Drs. Moh. Hatta as vice president Repubilk Indonesia. The appointment was reached upon the recommendation of Otto Iskandardinata unanimously.
3.    Formed the National Committee of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) and House of Representatives (DPR) to assist the task - the task of the President.
In the second session, August 19, 1945, which was held the next day, PPKI successfully established 12 departments and 4 Ministers of State without portfolio as an executive body, and divide the government administration. The results of the trial which was announced on 4 September 1945 are as follows:




1. 12 Department of Composition and formation PPKI minister names.
No    Depatemen    Minister
 1  2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
    Minister of Home Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Finance
Minister of Justice
Minister of Transportation (ad interim)
Minister of Welfare
Minister of Health
Teaching Minister
Information Minister
Minister of Public Works
Minister of Social
Minister of People's Security (TKR body established in October 1945)
    R.A.A.Wiranata Kusumah
Ahmad Subardjo
A. A. Maramis
Prof. Dr. Supomo
Abikusno Corkrosujoso
Ir. Surachman T. Adisurjo
Dr. Buntaran Martoatmojo
Ki Hajar Dewantara
Amir Syarifuddin
Abikusno Cokrosujoso
Iwa Kusuma Sumantri
Soeprijadi



2. Composition 4 Minister of State without portfolio
1. Dr. Amir
2. Wahid Hasyim
3. R.M. Sartono
4. Otto Iskandrdinata





3.   Composition of administrative territorial divisions, divided into provinces along with the name - the name of the governor.
No    Provincial    Minister
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8    Sumatra Province
West Java Province
Central Java
East Java Province
Province of Lesser Sunda (Nusa southeast)
Maluku
Sulawesi
Borneo Province
    Teuku Muhammad Hasan
Sutarjo Kartohadikusumo
R. Panji Suroso
R. M. Suryo
I Gusti Ketut Pudja
J. Latuharhary
Dr. G.S.S.J. Ratulangi
Ir. Prince Mohammad Noer


Another policy that is issued by the government edict issued by the Vice President Moh. Hatta, together with the Indonesian National Committee on October 16, 1945. Notice of the set that KNIP have executive and legislative authority, and have the right set Line - Outline of State Policy (the Guidelines). This policy was followed by political edict issued 3 November 1945, signed by the Vice President at the insistence of Sutan Syahrir as chairman of BP-KNIP (Agency Workers - Central Indonesian National Committee). The contents of the Notice of Politics is as follows.
1.    Government of the Republic of Indonesia requires the emergence of parties - parties to the media in distributing and representing all sects and schools of which there are in Indonesia.
2.     Government of the Republic of Indonesia stipulates that the establishment parties - political parties have been arranged in order before the execution of election of members of People's Representative Council conducted in January 1946.
Notice of this policy later became the beginning of the emergence of many political parties in Indonesia, until reaching a peak in 1955 elections. As a follow-up of the executive and legislative authority which dimilki by KNIP, Sutan Syahrir, as chairman of BP-KNIP, approved the agenda - the agenda for the committee's work. The process of ratification in plenary meeting of the title on 25 -26 November 1945 resulted in decisions - decisions about:

1.    Position Eksitensi and the National Committee
2.    The formation of parties - political parties as a manifestation of the democratization process
3.    Determination of the scope of the policy with domestic politics and foreign Republic of Indonesia
4.    Suggestions on the process of change that accompanied the old government with the process of ministerial accountability and the establishment of a new ministerial council structure
5.    Assessment of the preparation and refinement of the composition of the Central Indonesian National Committee which acts to carry out their proxies in the People's Consultative Assembly. This lasted Penjalanan power of presidential government system to a parliamentary system.

The whole policy - government policy of the Republic of Indonesia in the field of this bureaucracy are the work of thinking and the formulation of the founders of the State of Indonesia in the early era of independence. From the results of their thinking is, it forms the concept of bureaucratic structures neatly in the Republic of Indonesia government's performance to date. Policy - This policy has successfully laid the foundation for the Indonesian public order in the State administration and social spheres as well.



The Indonesian government policy in the Military Field

In order to maintain the security of the State and the Nation, the government established the People's Security Agency (BKR) as part of the Board of War Victims Family Helper (BPKKP) BKR members are former members of the Japanese army recruits, as Heiho, Maps, Keibodan, and Sienendan. At the same time, also formed the Sea and BKR BKR Oedara (BKRO). BKRO standing in areas that have air base, as in Maospati (Madison), Morokembangan (Surabaya), Maguwo (Yogyakarta), and Andir (Bandung).
However, in the sense of BKR Formation incorrect by some. They want the government to form a national army and not just the security agencies. Moreover, in the midst of an aggressive act Nederlands Indies Civil Administrations (NICA) who want to return control of Indonesia. Similarly, young people, who at the time of Japan has formed a group - a political group, make up the body - the body struggles later called the Van Action Committee. This struggle agency headquarters is located in the Menteng road under 31 Adam Malik. Body - the body that cause shading under the Van Action Committee is the Youth Force Indonesia (API), the Barisan Rakyat Indonesia (BARA), and the Indonesian Labor Front (BBI). In addition there is also the Barisan Banteng, KRIS (Service Rakyat Indonesia Sulawesi), PIM (Youth Indonesia Maluku), Hezbollah, Sabilillah, Pesindo (Indonesian Socialist Youth), and BPRI (Pembrontak Barisan Rakyat Indonesia).
In addition to the Javanese, the body - the body is also in the form of struggle in various parts of Indonesia, including Aceh, the API (Angkatan Pemuda Indonesia) and BPI (Barisan Pemuda Indonesia). In North Sumatra, among others, Andalas Youth, and PPNI in South Sulawesi.
BKR and body - a body in the form of these young men who pioneered the struggle for power from the hands of the Japanese. When the allied troops in boncengi NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administrations) came in mid-September 1945, the young members of the body - the body fight an armed movement to defend the independence that has been proclaimed.
The Government of Indonesia and then realized that the BKR was not solid enough to face the Dutch army provocation. The government then called a retired Major KNIL Oerip Soemohardjo to Jakarta. He in serahi task to compile an effective national army.
On October 5, 1945, the Government issued a Notice stating that the establishment of a national army called People's Security Army (TKR). TKR is the highest leadership Supriyadi, who had led the rebellion MAP in Blitar. However, Supriyadi disappeared and never came back. Therefore, on October 20, 1945, Oerp Soemoharjo appointed as head of the General Staff of TKR.
Situation even more precarious because of armed conflict between the fighters of Indonesia against the Netherlands becoming more frequent. On 12 November 1945, TKR Conference held in Yogyakarta. In the conference, Colonel Sudirman in selected as the highest pimipnan TKR. At that time, Colonel Sudirman served as Commander of Division V Banyumas. Soemohardjo Oerip remain as chief of staff. On December 18, 1945, the government officially appointed Colonel Sudirman as grand marshal of TKR with the rank of General. Meanwhile, Chief of Staff held by Oerip TKR Soemohardjo with the rank of Lieutenant General.
Since then, the command or unity - the unity of the existing armed, like the army - the army, integrated into the TKR. In January 1946, TKR was changed to Army of the Republic of Indonesia (TRI). Then, with the determination of the President of Indonesia, on June 3, 1947, TRI was changed to the Indonesian National Army (TNI). General Sudirman was appointed Commander of the TNI and inaugurated on June 28, 1947 in Yogyakarta.

Indonesian Government Policies in the Field Relationship Between Central and Regional
Conditions at the beginning of Indonesia's independence became a big job for all the thinkers and the founder of the Indonesian state. In addition to defining the basis of state, form of leadership, and other state devices, they are also thinking of ways to integrate diversity into a single national integration, the Indonesian state.
Unification becomes difficult due to the physical condition of Indonesia islands - islands. The founders of the Indonesian state to establish integration of good governance and opimal. They make governance structure consisting of the central government and local government. Connected with the central government of local government in terms of bureaucracy, as well as acting as the government controls and supervision of distribution of development. The system is considered quite effective.

D. DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AND POLITICAL SITUATION IN INITIAL INDONESIA INDEPENDENCE.

Basically, the development of political life and state of Indonesia in the early days of independence is strongly influenced by two things. Those two things, namely the formation keluarkannya KNIP and the Notice of Politics 3 November 1945 stressed the importance of the emergence of parties - political parties must appear before the election of members of People's Representative Council, held in January 1946.

Ideology The diversity of political parties in Indonesia
Political Edict 3 November 1945, issued by the Vice President Moh.Hatta, present as a regulation of the Indonesian government that aims to accommodate multiple people vote. As a result, came the parties - political parties with different ideologies. Party - the party has a direction and movement of different methods - different. PNI combination of Indonesian People's Party, United States Rakyat Indonesia, and the Association of the Republic of Indonesia, which stood at 29 In January 1946 led by Sidik Djojosukaro. According to the party, national independence to achieve absolute sovereign country.
Religion-wing political parties, the Council of Indonesian Muslims (Masyumi) stands on 7 November 1945 and led by Dr. Soekiman Wirjosandjojo. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) was founded in 1926 and led by KHHasyim Ash'ari. Indonesian Christian Party (Parkindo) was founded in 1945 and led by Dr. Probowinoto. Catholic Party of the Republic of Indonesia (PKRI) standing on December 8, 1945 and presided over by IJKasimo. The existence of religious wing party democracy is a form of government and a guarantee for citizens that their aspirations are represented by these groups and to the protection of freedom of worship.
Socialist-leaning political parties - communist, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The party was founded on 7 November 1945, led by Moh.Yusuf. Persatuan Rakyat Indonesia Marhaen (Permai), standing on the 17th September 1945 and led by JBAssa. Labor Party of Indonesia (PBI), stands on November 8, 1945, led by Nyono. Socialist Party which is a combination of the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) and the Socialist People's Party (PRS). Socialist Party is standing on the combined 1945 and chaired by Mr. Amir Syarifuddin. Rabble Party (PRJ) stood at 8 November 1945, led by Sutan Dewanis. The emergence of the party - the Socialist-leaning parties - the Communists at first is the growth of democracy in Indonesia. However, as its development, the party applying the way - a revolutionary way that can not be accepted by Indonesian society.

Relationship Between Government and Regional Institutions
Motivated by a variety of precarious situations that State, such as the state of Jakarta at the beginning of 1946 a very vulnerable by terror and intimidation of foreign parties, requiring officials to move the nation's capital to Yogyakarta on January 4, 1946 for a while. The reason is that the selection of Yogyakarta in this city are the headquarters of the army, Hezbollah paramilitary forces, Sabilillah, and army leaders Mataram Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX are ready to fight if it happens the most precarious situation though. Yogyakarta also has a strategic location to do battle Diplomacy and armed. On the other hand, formed KNIP position on August 22, 1945 are authorized to assist the task of presidency to be actors who actively keep the government in Jakarta when the leaders of the government to migrate to Yogyakarta.
In essence, the authority's position was confirmed through a Notice KNIP X, October 16, 1945, which empowered the legislature to the agency. With a Notice that, as KNIP plays like a House of Representatives for a while before the implementation of the general elections to choose members of the House of Representatives the truth. Duty Central Indonesian National Committee is to assist and be a supervisor's performance in implementing the tasks the President - the task of government. Meanwhile, Indonesian National Committee Regional (KNID) duty to assist and supervise the performance of government at a lower level than the President, as Governor and Regent.
When his inauguration on August 29, 1945, on the initiative of Syahrir as the strongest representative of the socialist group, expressed the need to make an agency worker to maximize the achievement of the task - the task of KNIP. Proposed Syahrir were responded by Wail President Moh.Hatta by issuing a Notice of X, which contains the formation of the Working Committee of the National Committee of Indonesia (BP-KNIP) and placement Syahrir as chairman. Performance BP-KNIP then generate a Notice of Politics 3 November 1945 on the establishment parties - political parties in Indonesia. Notice that is the beginning of the KNIP absolute authority to establish a policy that coverage effect is equivalent to nasonal and policies that generated the president. The impact of these edicts is the diversity of political parties in Indonesia.

Relationship Between Ideology The diversity of institutions and establishment of the Presidency.
Presence of ideological diversity is divided into the nationalist groups, religions, and socialists - communists in the early independence era, it contains significant implications for the country's leadership structure, changes KNIP authority and the emergence of various political parties in Indonesia into two main catalysts for the change of government power structure. Rising Sutan Syahrir as Prime Minister of Indonesia also has a part in that change.
Presidential institution itself has been formed on September 2, 1945. On that occasion, President Sukarno form new cabinet as the implementing agency executive of Indonesia's presidency. It is a manifestation of the strengthening of institutions to be able to carry out presidential duties with the optimal state.
Cabinet which was formed on September 2, 1945, essentially reflecting the composition of which represent the diversity of ideology in Indonesia. Although the parties - the new political parties emerged, after dikelurkannya Notice of 3 November 1945, the condition of this ideological diversity has been playing a major role in the presidential order of the State.

Chapter 2 (IPS) STRUGGLE MAINTAIN INDEPENDENCE of INDONESIA IN THE YEAR 1945 – 1949

 A.    ONFLICT INDONESIA - BELANDA ( 1945 - 1949 )
     Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia of at 17 August 1945 representing starting point of attitude of Indonesian nation to determine chance of its own nation freely and sovereign. However, process cannot take place at ease because Dutch not yet confessed independence of Indonesia and still try to return to colonize Indonesia variously.
 Dutch try to divide Indonesia of through various consultation and strive diplomacy. Its target is make Indonesia become state of doll which can meraka control easily
Strive colonization return done by a Dutch generate resistance from Indonesia combatant. Hereunder is the tables of struggle of Indonesian nation in maintaining its independence from Dutch party.

Tables 2.1 Struggle Maintain Independence


Location
Encounter    Landing Of It
Team
Ally
And NICA  
Head
Team    The Happening Of Encounter  
Result of Encounter.
Surabaya    25
 October
 1945    Ally :
 General
 A.W.S
 Malabby
 Indonesia :
 Governor Surabaya of that moment, Suryo Sutomo ( Fella Tomo)    Is started at 26 October 1945, by army of ally groaning prison of Kalisosok and occupy big post of fice and airbase. In one incident, General of Mallaby defeated. Ally give ultimatum to deliver weapon. But, is not followed by all combatant of its Top is became of on the date of 10 November, ally  Surabaya    Surabaya succeed defended by during 3 week, but in the end combatant of East Java have to retreat out the and town  have guerrilla to
Ambarawa    20
 October
 1945    Ally :
 General
 Bethel
 TKR :
 Major of Sumarto, Colonel Isdiman, Colonel Sudirman    became of by First delivery 20 November 1945. After Colonel Isdiman be killed, head replaced by Colonel Sudirman and start attack of at 12 December 1945. Attack take place during 4 day.    Ambarawa succeed mastered by team TKR.
Bandung    October
 1945        At 21 November 1945, Ally release ultimatum in order to TKR surender weapon and leave Bandung. However central government prohibit team push along.    Bandung left by TKR of because gone to the wall by Ally team. Bandung of South arch under the sun scorch by doing/conducting combustion in some strategic place.
Medan    9 October
 1945    Ally :
 Bridadir
 General
 T.E.D
 Kelly    became of by First incident 13 October 1945, in a hotel in Bali road;street, hereinafter, encounter happened in beberbagai place in Field. Ally release ultimatum in order to the team deliver weapon.    Because gone to the wall by Ally army, office of governor and station of TKR carried over by Causeway Siantar. That Matter cause town of Field mastered by Ally team.
Palembang    12
 October
 1945    Ally :
 Iieutenant
 Colonel
 Camichael    Team of Ally of diperbolehkan enter area of Palembang is later;then changed by Dutch team. That Matter generate venomous encounter among/between Dutch and Indonesia. That Event is became of by 1 January 1947. Encounter take place during five day five night. At 6 January 1945, performed by gencetan arm.    Result from that cease-fire is that team of Indonesia have to retreat as far as 20 kilometre from town Palembang. Equally, team of Dutch get of best of town Palembang.


Aggression of Military of Dutch I
     At 27 May 1947, Dutch release note in the form of ultimatum which must be replied by government of Indonesia during 14 day. Because do not reach agreement to the note, at 21 July 1947, midnight, Dutch launch attack to entire area in Republic Of Indonesia. Operation gave by lable " politional action " that in fact dalah a aggression of military which is  known as by Aggression of      Military I.
Team - Dutch team make a move from Jakarta and Bandung to master West Java and from Surabaya to master Madura and region of East Java and also one team again to occupy Semarang. In Sumatra, Dutch team try to master plantation - plantation around the Field. coal and Oil Installation in Palembang and its surroundings is also attacked and mastered.
By bermodalka is old implement of Japan ommission, consisted of by a implement pengebom Guntai and two hunter Cureng implement, aviator AURI got mixed up with by some air raid to Dutch. At 29 July 1947, third implement which have jetty in this Maguwo Yogyakarta, is involved by encounter in Ambarawa.

Aggression Of Military Of Dutch II
     Domestic Situation of Indonesia which is facing PKI exploited by Belanda.Pada 18 December 1948 night, Dr Beel advise to delegation of RI and Commission Three State ( KTN ) that Dutch shall no longger be trussed and do not confess Approval Renville. Morrow of is Day is Dutch launch .
Attack of early plungedly is paratroops in Airbase Maguwo  ( Adisucipto ) and bomb of some place in Yogyakarta. In a short time, Dutch team succeed to occupy town RI mother. Highest Head of state and some high functionary, like president, vice president, lead staff of air force and some other high functionary in capturing by Dutch
At the (time) of team of Dutch groan town Yogyakarta, cabinet have time to be in session in President Palace of at morning 19 December 1948. Conference decide that if happened by something at head of governmental national will give mandate to Mr. Syafruddin State, Minister of Prosperity of People which is residing in Bukittinggi to form Governance of Emergency RI ( PDRI ). If forming of PDRI also fail, will be formed by government of RI in deportation. For that will be given by authority  to Mr. A. A. Maramis ( Minister for Finance), L.N. Palar, and Dr. Sudarsono residing in New Delhi, India.
In conference, is also proposed in order to all. High head of state evacuate out town of together with people. But, vice president and president decide will linger on in town with the possibility of ditawan. That matter is done by as tactics in order to can close to KTN so that easy to perform consultation. Meanwhile entire strength TNI will out the town and make against by guerrilla.
Region defender Ri divided duar that is first Commando Sumatra. Elementary military aggression time experience and Java Commando, system defender of Republic Of Indonesia in altering from linear defender system become defender wehrkreise system ( radian of defender ) Despitefully, team TNI is also commanded to do guerrilla war.
KTN getting duty observe Approval Renville execution know that Dutch have impinged the the approval. United States release resolution agreed by by all member conference of Security Council of Nation Confederation - Nation             ( DK-PBB ) at 28 January 1949. Resolution of Security Council PBB, for example- sounding the following
1.    Stop of all military operation immediately by stop and Dutch of all guerrilla activity by republic
2.    Liberation immediately and unconditionally all political prisoner in Republic area by Dutch.
3.    Dutch have to give opportunity to all functionary of Republic to return immediately to Yogyakarta. That Matter is done in order to section 1 above executed and so that they freely. At first level, government in town of is Yogyakarta environs and. is Last, gradually - move over, in area - area of other republic pursuant to approval of Renville is also done by stop of all operation of military and guerrilla activity
 4.    Consultation will is immediately done by pursuant to Approval, Linggajati, Renville, and forming of governance of whereas which is the in form of federal, slowest 15 March 1949. election of Council of maker of UUD state of slowest Federal Indonesia 1 July 1949.
5.    Commission of Three State of his change name become Commission of PBB for Indonesia UNCI ( United Nations Commmisson for Indonesia ) with duty assist fluency of consultation go together return of republic government power, and perceive process of election and also is entitled to raise proposal for the shake of assisting process of is solving of
     United States also menace will discontinue aid to Dutch, is such as those which loaded in Marshall Plan ( aid of United States to nations suffering effect of of World War II )

B.    THE IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY DIFFERENCE OF IN FACE OF BELANDA CONFLICT AND OF AMONG POLITICAL GROUP OF AT INDONESIA
     Legislative Authorization of KNIP confirmed in Communique X 16 October 1945 becoming early appearance position of prime minister in Indonesia. in Indonesia
     This Cabinet commutation mirror manner ideology which is there are in every  cabinet. That manner generate different pattern startegi existence - difference in face of all state problem in early independence, included in facing Dutch

A Period Of Governance of Cabinet Syahrir
     Cabinet of Sjahrir in command during 3 times that is : a period of/to Cabinet of Syahrir I, Cabinet of Syahrir II, and Cabinet of Syahrir III. At a period to first power, Syahrir get about strength from organization of Struggle Association ( PP). Organizational that oppose Cabinet of Sjahrir of along with appearance of oration from Queen of Dutch of at 7 December 1942, what related with consultation usher Indonesia - Dutch. Queen of Dutch of berppidato and announce things of following
1.    Indonesia become state of federation and merge into state of commonwealth in The Netherlands kingdom environment
2.    Internal issue of Country of Indonesia will be managed self-supportingly by Indonesia, but overseas problem of Indonesia remain to be managed by Dutch
3.    Before system of this commonwealth is formed, will be formed ahead a governance of switchover taking hold of during 10 year
4.    Indonesia will be entered by into membership PBB

Statement of Indonesia from Queen of that Dutch represent answer from Governmental Political Communique at 1 November 1945. that Political communique contain statement that government of Indonesia claim confession for entirety of state and governance of Federal Republic Of Indonesia as well as from party of Dutch which have been made by before breaking nya of World War II.
At a period of/to Cabinet Syahrir II formed at 2 October 1946 diplomacy strategy realized by through Consultation Linggajati execution of at 10 November 1946.
     That Consultation result is seen as not optimal by other political figure - figure group and. In other side, there are also supporting. Consultation Lingarjati decision for example Pesindo, BTI, PKI, People Soldier, Labour, Parkindo, and the Roman Party. From that group second, there are a strategy pattern difference in handling conflict with that strategy Difference continue at appearance usher political group at era of early independence

A Period Of Governance of Cabinet of Amir Syarifuddin
     Strategy of most uppermost Diplomacy at a period to cabinet of Amir of Syarifuddin is implementation of Consultation of Renville of at 17 January 1948.
     Conflict of political among group in Cabinet of Amir of Syarifuddin is also happened by like at a period to Cabinet Sjahrir. This Conflict do not in the form of physical conflict, but in the form of difference of strategy in face of Dutch. For example at the time of commutation of Cabinet of Amir of Syarifuddin mean to strengthen position of its cabinet to Dutch so that he agree on result of consultation Renville. Attitude Amir of that Syarifuddin get about from political party is other;dissimilar. politics opposing that policy is Masyumi. PNI even also follow Masyumi givenly is demand in order to Cabinet of Amir of Syarifuddin give its mandate return to President Soekarno. political Difference Strateqi among group in Cabinet Amir of this Syarifuddin end in delivery of mandate return to President of Soekarno of  at  23 Janurai 1948

A Period Of Cabinet Hatta Governance
     Form cabinet compiled by Hatta is coalition cabinet figuring in all political group exist in Indonesia by then. This cabinet is supported full by party Masyumi, PNI, Roman Party, and Parkindo. Even though still there are group which side with cabinet Hatta. The Group is PKI, what in the end do rebellion in Madiun in September 1948
Strategy striking from Cabinet Hatta in face, Belanda is approval execution and quicken process forming of Federal Indonesia State ( NIS). Its Materialization is delegatedly is Mr. Moh. Roem as delegation RI chief to execute diplomacy consultation unrightiously is Van Mook Dutch .
Have conference Roem-Royen of at 7 May 1949, representing result from diplomacy Moh strategy. Roem in international world. Strategy , the tip of at execution Have conference Desk. Domed becoming regional sovereignty delivery momentum of Indonesia from Dutch to Indonesia.
Result Of Conference Roem - This Royen is also agreed full by big politics in Indonesia during the period that is Masyumi agree result from Roem - Royen of because attitude taken by government of RI constitute by refleksi of position of RI in international world and also circumstance in country by xself.
 Finally strategy of diplomacy of Cabinet of Hatta reach its top at 4 August 1949 liftedly of delegation of Republic Of Indonesia to go to Den Haag in order to performing , Round Table Conference ( KMB). Have conference this 23 August 1949 till 2 November 1949.
At 27 December 1949 done by ceremony of delivery of sovereignty from royal government of Dutch to Indonesia. That Momentum represent confession of Dutch for sovereignty of all region of Indonesia of is ex- country of Dutch Indies, except Irian West.
     Strategy of Diplomacy applied by Cabinet of Hatta have succeeded to place Indonesia in a condition peace without there is trouble from Dutch party. Though do not all political group agree at result KMB, strategy of Cabinet of Hatta have succeeded to place Indonesia as power state of konstelasi international world.

C.    THE DIPLOMACY INDONESIA STRUGGLE OF IN MAINTAINING INDEPENDENCE
Agreement Linggajati  
         Mark with lines struggle to uphold independence emphasized by through diplomacy ( consultation).
First meeting among RI, Dutch, and the Ally performed in Military Headquarter of English in Jakarta  of at 17 November 1945
First target is to bring into contact Dutch and Indonesia party. Second Target is to explain Ally team arrival intention. This Meeting do not yield decision anything.
     First Antecedent consultation executed at 17 November 1945. Later;Then, executed by a second meeting of at 10 Februari 1946. However, this second meeting is delayed till April 1946, and continued in.
Dutch. In this consultation, Dutch will confess sovereignty of Republic Of Indonesia by de is facto for Java and Madura and back this meeting experience of deadlock.
     At 30 September 1946, performed by a cease-fire consultation. Each forming kornisi of cease-fire and Lord Killearn as mediator. Indonesia And Dutch return to negotiate at 7 Qktober 1946. Delegation of Indonesia led by PM. Sutan Sjahrir and Dutch deputized by Prof. Schermerhorn. In the following is result of that consultation,
1.     Cease-Fire performed by on the basis of dimiciling rniliter at that moment and on the basis of both parties military strength
2.     In form a Cease-Fire Commission to handle, technical problem of cease-fire execution.
At November 1946, entire/all Ally team have left Indonesia.
 After the antecedent consultation second, since 10 November 1946, performed  a new consultation is which have place to in Liggajati ( Cirebon). This Consultation is led by Lord Killearn. At 15 November 1946, that copy approval  is signed by both parties. Result of that consultation shall be as follows :
1     Dutch confess by de is facto of Republic Of Indonesia regionally is power covering Sumatra, Java, and Madura. Hereinafter, Dutch will leave that area de facto as tardy as – its his at 1 January 1949
 2     RI and Dutch will cooperate in form of government of Federal Indonesia by the name of Federal Republic Of Indonesia ( RIS
 3     RIS and Dutch will form Uni Indonesia of Dutch with Queen of Dutch as his chief
 At 25 March 1947, Agreement of Linggajati signed in Palace Rijswijk       ( State Palace ) Jakarta Center.
Hereafter Agreement in signing, relation of RI of Dutch do not become more. dispute of Opinion is often happened by as effect of of difference of interpretation fill agreement . Dutch remain to constitute his interpretation at confidence that RI become member of commonwealth which is the in form of federation. In the end, Dutch perform politional action recognized also as Dutch aggression, what automatically rescript Linggajati
Agreement Renville
     At 1 August, Security Council of PBB command both parties of to discontinuing  gunfight. Courier of Indonesia to PBB is Sutan Sjahrir and Haji Agus Salim, consorted by Dr. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo and Sudjatmoko. At 4 August 1947, party of RI and party of Dutch announce stop shoot - shooting
 To observe execution. shoot and look for the solving of dispute in Security Council of PBB form a commission. This commission is later;then known as by Commission Three State ( KTN)
     Three proxy in KTN shall be as follows:
    Paul of Van Zeelanct ( former Prime Minister and Minister for Foreigr Affairs Belgia).
    Richard Kirby .( judge of Lawcourt of Arbitrase from Australian Commonwealth).
    Dr. Graham Franc ( Rector of University of North Carolina United States)

At 20 October 1947 Commission Three State ( KTN ) performing meeting in Sidney.
     Consultation started at 8 December 1947. Delegation of Republic Of Indonesia led by Mr. Amir Syarifuddin with deputy Ali Sastroamidjojo. Delegation Member for example dr. Tjoa Siek len, H.A. Salim, Mr. Nasrun, Sutan Sjahrir, and two reserve member, namely Setiadjid and Ir. Djuanda, and also 32 adviser people. Dutch Delegation consisted of R. Abdul Kadir Widjojoatmodjo as chief, Mr. H.A.L. van Vredenburgh as deputy, and A.Th. Baud taking hold of as secretary. this Group member is consisted of by Dr. R J. Koets, Tengku Zulkarnaen, Mr. Masjarie, Mr. Dr. Ch R. Soumokil, Mr. Adjie Prince Kartanegara, Mr. A.H. Ophuyzen, and Thio Thian Tjiong.
     After with refer toing the lobby, consultation competitor finally buy it KTN, what his nucleus;core is the following

1.    Is immediately released by comand of stop shoot - shooting alongside mark with lines Van Mook
2.    Stop of Crossfire is immediately followed with agreement of armistice and area forming - empty area of military ( demilitarization )

     Consultation non-stoped to be passed off is till reached by a kesepakan of is so-called Approval Renville. Its contents for example the following
1.    RI agree formed his is State of Federal Indonesia
2.    Area of RI occupied by Dutch after aggression remain to be mastered by the Dutch carried out by a plebiscite for menjajaki of people will;desire
3.    RI ready to draw all team of TNI which
Approval of Renville signed at 17 January 1948, caught up with instruction of stop of gunfight 19 January 1948
     This agreement in the end end when Dutch perform politional action of II or more knowledgeable with aggression of Dutch of II of at 19 December 1948


    Approval of Roem Royen
For initiative of Commission of PBB for the Indonesia, that is UNCI, is hence performed by consultation of RI-BELANDA led by Merle Cochran, American proxy in UNCI. Consultation performed in Jakarta start 14 April 1949. Delegation of RI led by Mr. Mohammad Roem and party of Dutch led by J.H. Van Royen. At 7 May 1949, come to agreement by which is known as by Approval Roem-Royen, 7 May 1949. content of that Approval express that Indonesia have the kindness to
1.    Releasing comand to discontinue guerrilla war
2.    Cooperate in taking peace and police and the security
3.    Participating in KMB in Den Haag, Dutch, for the purpose of quickening sovereignty delivery to Federal Indonesia State unconditionally
 On the contrary, Dutch have the kindness to
1    Aggreeing the return of Governance of Republic Of Indonesia to Yogyakarta
2    Guaranting movement stop - military movement and free all political prisoner
3    Do not found or confess state - state of exist in area mastered by Republic Of Indonesia. Before 19 December 1948 and will not broaden or state area of the prejudical of Republic ndonesia
4    Aggreeing existence of Republic Of Indonesia as part of Federal Indonesia State
5    Try seriously - really in order to KMB is immediately carried out governmental Hereafter RI return to Yogyakarta.
As follow-up of Approval Roem-Royen, at 22 June 1949, performed by consultation of consultancy of among RI, BFO ( Federal Bijeenkomse Voor of Ouerleg/Body of Federal Parley), and Dutch in Bangka. This Consultation in under commission observation, PBB led by Critchley ( Australia) of this Consultation is known as by agreement Bangka, what the result nya the following
1.    Date of 24 June 1949, Yogyakarta emptied by army of Dutch and at 1 July 1949. Government of RI return to Yogyakarta after team of TNI master circumstance.
1.    Hitting stop of hostility will be studied by after Government of RI return to Yogyakarta.
2.    Conference of Round Table proposed will be performed as soon as in Den Haag.
At 13 July 1949, after Government RI return to Yogyakarta, performed by a cabinet conference

 Have Conference Inter - Indonesia
     Since leaders RI return to Yogyakartar consultation unrightiously is BFO re-continued. Problem studied by is governmental forming of switchover of before formed his  Federal Indonesia State. Therefore, among date of 19 - 22 July 1949, performed by consultation RI by BFO in Yogyakarta, so-called Conference Inter - Indonesia. Have conference this continued in Jakarta of at 31 July till 2 August 1949. Especial discussion in that conferences,  is hit forming a federation state joining state - state created by Van Mook.. Despitefully, conversed also about form work is of equal RIS Dutch. Some important decision from the conference related to Federal formation of state Indonesia shall be as follows:
1.    Federation state agreed so called of Federal Republic Of Indonesia ( RIS ) with pursuant to ground democratize and the federalism
2.    President RIS is a president and in governance assisted by a cabinet in charge of to president ( cabinet presidensial
3.    Will be formed by two delegation body, that is a parliament and a council. People delegation ( senate ). But, step early will be formed by parliament of whereas
4.    RIS accept . delivery. sovereignty, good from Republic Of Indonesia and also from The Netherlands kingdom

Others, in military area Have conference Inter - Indonesia yield decision for example the following
1.    Armed forces of RIS is Armed Forces of president RIS and National is Commander In Chief of Armed Forces RIS. Armed Forces Forming this RIS represent his nucleus;core and Indonesia problem is TNI
2.    State Defender is solely the governmental rights of RIS. State - state Shares will not own armed forces by xself
3.    Forming of armed forces of RIS is problem nation this Indpnesia Armed forces is consisted of by armed forces RI ( TNI) as nucleus;core, added by a existing Indonesian people in KNIL, ML, KM, VB, and territoriale bataljons
4.    At, a period of start RIS, defender minister can double as Big commander of APRIS.

Have conference Round Table of Forming RIS and
     Have conference Round Table take place in Den Haag of at 23 August 1949 till 2 November 1949.
     After through long debate and tire reached by some important decision at 2 November 1949 that is the following :

1.    Dutch will deliver sovereignty to Federal Republic Of Indonesia by the end of December 1949
2.    Problem Irian West will be finished next one year.
3.    For security Indonesia, will be formed by APRIS ( Armed Forces Federal Republic Of Indonesia ) by TNI as his nucleus;core.
4.    KNIL will be disbanded and all member KNIL secondhand joined to APRIS
5.    RI have to mgmbayar of all Dutch debt of commencing from year 1942
6.    RI will bring back Dutch property and give new permit and concession rights for the company - Dutch company.
7.    Will be formed Uni Indonesia-Belanda of pursuant to job of is of equal voluntary and on an equal.
Pursuant to result Have conference Round Table of at 27 December 1949, performed by event of delivery of power from Dutch to Indonesia, either in Jakarta and also in Dutch country.
Pursuant to Constitution RIS, member of RIS which is the in form of is . the following
1.    a.    Republic Of Indonesia State ( regional pursuant to Agreement Renville )
b.    State of East Indonesia
c.    State Pasundan, inclusive of Federal Canton of Jakarta
d.    State of Java Timu
e.    State of Sumatra East, inclusive of area of status quo of Grindings of Strait and Labuhan Petrify
f.    State of Sumatra South arch
2.    Set of - set of the selfsupporting political, like Central Java, Bangka, Belitung, Riau, Special Region of Kalimantan West, Big Dayak, Kalimantan South-East, Kalimantan of East and Area Banjar
3.     Area of other Indonesia is which is non area - area of part of

     Governance holded by president with his cabinet, while consisted of by legislative council two body, that is senate and DPR
     At 15 December 1949, performed by Conference of Election of President of RIS with single candidate of Ir. Soekarno. Morrow of his Day, at 16 December 1949 in acclamation Ir. Chosen Soekarno as president RIS.
Cabinet of this RIS represent zaken cabinet, his meaning major membership of all his member and non cabinet of coalition relying on kekuata party - political party. member of this Cabinet most unitarism supporter



     Struggle Return to Totalitarian State Republic Of Indonesia
     Age State of Federal Repubdik.Indanesia really do not the llama. Movement to return to totalitarian state grow whereabout - which. People claim disbandment of state of part of and join to return in Totalitarian State Republic Of Indonesia
Constitutionally is it  true enabled by affiliation one state of part of with other state. This matter is arranged by section 43 and 44 constitution of RIS determining that that affiliation can be done by so long as desired by people of state of part of that
     See fact that majority of people want totalitarian state forming, governmental hence RI suggest to government of RIS in order to perform consultation by NST and NIT. At May 1950, performed by consultation of hawker of among government of RI governmentally is RIS hit totalitarian state forming.
At 15 May 1950 performed by a consultation to draw up totalitarian state forming procedure
     Device Invite - State s philosophy Invitor that union is delivered to nations delegation council of part of to be completed. Invitor - Invite State s philosophy this union contain element - element. Invite - Elementary Invitor 1945 and Invite - Elementary Invitor of RIS. Finally, at 14 August 1950, that Elementary draft of law accepted by goodness by Parliament RIS and Senate and also KNIP. At 15 August 1950, President Soekarno sign device Invite - that Elementary Invitor become Invitor - Elementary invitor Whereas Totalitarian State Republic Of Indonesia ( UUDS )
     In Senate RIS and Parliament merger meeting, at 15 August 1950 Ir. Soekarno as President RIS, reading off charter forming of Totalitarian State Republic Of Indonesia. Formal Disbandment of RIS take place at 17 August 1950, and Totalitarian State of Republic Of  Indonesia re-existed


Role of PBB of At Process of Struggle of Diplomacy of Indonesia of year 1945 - 1949
     At 21 January 1946, Republic of Socialist of Ukraina propose  PBB to descend hand in problem in Indonesia. That matter is happened by because really army of commisioned English in Indonesia use army of Japan and Dutch to grind movement of Indonesia people
     At 31 July 1947, problem of Indonesia entered by into agenda of Security Council PBB. Australian propose the Security Council to act to an effort menacing world peace. Aggression. that Dutch military is assumed to represent an threat to world peace. In his conference at 1 August 1947, Security Council call upon the both parties to which interfere in to discontinue shoot - shooting and negotiating to finish problem faced. The above is true, at 4 August 1947, going into effect cease-fire,
 Result nya is signing of agreement on board conveyor USS Renville of at 17 January 1948. Security Council of PBB that Dutch have done collision. in session Security Council at 22 December 1948, and yield resolution insisting on the hostility to is immediately discontinued. Addition of at that resolution is in order to the Dutch free head of Republic Of Indonesia which in inviting.
In Asian Koferensi in New Delhi, 23 January 1948, state - state of competitor have conference that claiming curing of status of RI of team of Dutch pulled to retreat, sovereignty re-delivered to Indonesia people
     At 28 January 1949, Security Council raise resolution which is for example sounding : is immediately done by gencetan arm immediately free and bring back leaders of RI to Yogyakarta; and do consultation of under colour of Approval of Linggajati and Renville. That Resolution is followed by dengai of forming of UNCI with duty assist to launch consultation to bring back power RI. With interference PBB, hostility of among RI with Dutch earn is immediately terminated. In KMB which is carried out by PBB, Dutch by dejure confess sovereignty RI. At 28 September 1950, accepted as by Formal Indonesia of member PBB

Chapter 3 (IPS) POLITICAL LIFE INDONESIA PERIOD PARLEMETER DEMOCRACY

A. POLITICAL LIFE INDONESIA PERIOD PARLEMETER DEMOCRACY
Indonesia travel history during a parliamentary democracy with a government characterized by a period of seven different cabinet.
Conditions in Indonesia are very vulnerable period for the parliamentary, government within the seven cabinet, the cabinet's performance often experienced deadlock and opposed by the parliament. It happened because of the strong opposition that resulted in the emergence of a conflict of interest in the process of policy formulation and manufacturing State.
The names of the cabinet Year 1950-1959
NO    Kabinet    Term
1    Natsir    6 September 1950-18 April 1951
2    Sukiman    26 April 1951-1952
3    Wilopo     19 Maret 1952- 2 Juni 1953
4    Ali Sastroamidjojo    31 Juli 1953- 24 Juli 1955
5    Burhanuddin Harahap    Agustus 1955- 3 Maret 1956


The failure of the Constituent Assembly in Developing New Laws
Life of a period of parliamentary democracy is also characterized by the failure of the Constituent Assembly in making laws only for Indonesia. Constituent Assembly itself is an institution established to form the Constitution (New). Domestic political conditions in this unstable coupled with the emergence of movements that threaten public order and security stability in Indonesia. November 20, 1956, the Constituent Assembly began to meet for the first time. In this first trial, Sukarno gave authority to formulate and establish the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia without working limit.
Spirit to unite and formulate a Constitution Indonesia became interested in mutual self interest groups. Challenges faced by working konsituante, among other things, on May 29, 1959.
There are suggestions from the Islamic groups to re-enter the grain Jakarta Charter that states "the obligation to run the Islamic requirement for adherent-believers" in the Preambule of the Constitution of 1945. In the constituent assembly on May 29, 1959, vote taken steps to resolve the problem.
On May 30, 1959, the constituency re-implement the trial. Agenda in this session discussed the government proposal to return to the Constitution of 1945 without change. The main factors that caused the failure of the Constituent Assembly in drafting a Constitution for Indonesia is the presence of interest groups concerned with the attitude or political party in the constituency. At that time, there are three axis force major political parties who occupy the seat constituent assembly and government, the power of Islamic parties, the power of the Nationalist party, and the power of the Communist party. In addition, there are political events in the conflict of interest pervade each political group in the constituent body. For example, the conflict between the NU PNI and PKI issues concerning the implementation of the 1945 return and inclusion grains Jakarta Charter in the 1945 Constitution.
B. Indonesia Economic life in the Democratic Parlemeter
Sukiman cabinet at the time, one of the changes in the economic life is happening is the process of economic nationalization by the government. The process of economic nationalization that concerns 3 main areas, namely the nationalization de Javasche Bank to Bank Indonesia, the establishment of Bank Negara Indonesia, and the formation Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI).
At the time of Parliamentary Democracy, the process of nationalization of the Indonesian economy is not run smoothly because of the political conflicts of interest between groups in the constituency and parliamentary bodies. To overcome these problems, on March 19, 1956. Importers of Indonesian National Congress issued a policy on call Assaat Movement. The motion urged the government to issue a regulation to protect vulnerable native rulers in each of thenon-indigenousentrepreneurs.

C. POLITICAL LIFE IN THE INDONESIAN GIDED DEMOCRACY.
Transfer system from the period of Indonesian rule of Parliamentary Democracy to Guided Democracy characterized by the potential threat of internal conflict in the country. O is caused by the high conflict of interest between the political groups in Indonesia. Bubarkannya peak is in the constituency because they do not succeed in making laws. Constituent performance deadlock was finally closed with the announcement of Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959, which contains the following.

1. Dissolution of the Constituent
2. 1950 Constitution does not force, and the application of the 1945 return as the official Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
3. The formation of the MPRS and the DPRS in tempo as soon as possible.

Formation of Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959 This is the moment of the turn of the Indonesian Democratic System of Liberal Democracy / Parliamentary to the Presidential Democracy system.
Political
As a follow-up to Presidential Decree July 5, 1959, on July 10, 1959, formed the so-called cabinet cabinet work. Cabinet system adopted by the Parliamentary Liberal Democracy in the system is replaced with the Presidential Cabinet. Cabinet work program includes domestic security, the liberation of West Irian, and increased production of food and clothing.
Presidential Determination No. 2 Year 1959 on the establishment of People's Assembly Pemusyawaratan (MPR) determined that MPR members nominated and appointed by President Sukarno. In addition, they must meet several requirements as follows.



1. Setuiju back to the 1945 Constitution
2. Agree on the struggle of the Republic of Indonesia
3. Agree with the Political Manifesto
President Sukarno also established other agencies, namely the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA), the National Planning Council (National Planning Council), and the National Font. Meanwhile, at Memorial Flag Ceremony August 17, 1959, President Sukarno made a speech titled "The recovery of our Revolution". The speech was an explanation and accountability of Presidential Decree July 5, 1959 and the policy outline in declaring President Sukarno's Guided Democracy. National font created by Presidential Decision No.. 13 Year 1959. in the determination that, mentioned that the National Font is the organization fighting for the ideals of the Proclamation and the ideals embodied in the 1945 Constitution. National font headed by Sukarno.
NASAKOM actually meant to embrace the political forces that continue to compete since liberal democracy, it actually benefits the PKI. As a legitimate element in Indonesia's political constellation, the stronger the position of the PKI and any award against the government increased. This is evident from the action that puts the President ahead of the dibarisan PKI guided democracy. Pancasila as the basic functions of State became blurred. PKI used the situation to further undermine the Pancasila.

D. LIFE IN THE INDONESIAN ECONOMIC Guided Democracy
Government carrying out the guided economic concepts in order to realize the socialist society of Indonesia. This concept is originated from an idea that in a socialist society, everyone would be guaranteed a decent life.
In this system, people who can carry out economic activities, especially imports, except those who got the license or special permission from the government. To overcome these economic difficulties, on March 23, 1963, President Sukarno announced the Declaration of Economics (DEKOM). Of this Declaration, issued regulations on export-import and pricing issues. But in the end, DEKOM also helpless in dealing with Indonesia's economic difficulties.
During the year Cabinet Djuanda in 1958, the government has made a planning laws to make up the body in charge of the economy to improving the nation's economy. The agency called the National Planning Council. The task of this body is divided into 2 main areas, namely as follows.
1. Preparing the draft Law of Indonesia National Development and gradual plan.
2. Monitor and evaluate the implementation of the development process.
Furthermore, these policies began to be applied intensively in 1959, when the National Planning Council was officially formed and led by Muhammad Yamin as Deputy Chief Minister.
In 1959, Indonesia experienced the level of very high inflation. Governments are quick to react by issuing a variety of economic policies. Some economic policy is as follows.

1. Substitute for government regulation of Law No. 2 / 1959 which aims to reduce the amount of money in domestic circulation. The policy led to the practice of Devaluation of rupiah denominations of paper currency from 1000 to Rp.100, and Rp 500 to Rp.50. These Regulations shall come into force August 25, 1959.
2. Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 3 / 1959 which sets the freezing part of the entire deposit money in banks throughout Indonesia. This regulation aims to reduce the amount of money circulating in the community.
3. Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 6 / 1959 which states that the paper money 1000 and Rp 500 is still valid and has been converted to IDR 100 and Rp.50 must be exchanged with the new banknotes before 1 January 1959.
Implementation of economic policies of government mentioned above does not work without constraints. The government is also doing the tightening of state budgets, and overseeing the performance of administrative management in the run by private companies. The aim is that the flow of dollars of credit funds can flow smoothly to finance a significant effort for the life of the people of Indonesia.
Indonesia's economic decline was the rising return value of the rupiah currency circulation. Furthermore, in 1963, the National Planning Council transformed into designer of the National Development Agency (Bappenas).

Apart form the National Development Planning Agency, the government also handle the monetary crisis by issuing various economic policies, which are as follows.

1. Presidential Decision No.7/1965 which menetapan establishment of State-Owned Banks singles. The purpose of this policy is to provide avenues for the flow velocity of circulation between central bank and public bank.
2. Determination of President of the Republic of Indonesia No.27/1965, December 13, 1965, the expenditure of new rupiah worth 1,000 times the old rupiah currency. This policy resulted in economic decline and the monetary value of the rupiah Indonesia because the old and new have a ratio of 1:10. amount of government spending also helped to increase from Rp.3 billion to Rp.30 billion.

At the time of guided democracy, there is overlap between the policy based on the president and the policies based on law. This is because the president authority to create another rule that level with the Act. Indonesian economic conditions decline further show until 1966.
E. CHANGES IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL NATION INDONESIA
Period of 1945
In the revolutionary period of independence of all layers and groups united to defend the State and maintain independence.
The spirit of social solidarity is very high. This can be seen from the involvement of rural communities to help the fighters in guerrilla warfare.
Women also play a role in the revolution of independence. They are active, not only dibarisan back, such as holding public kitchens, but also by contributing forefront shouldering rifles. On 15-17 December 1945, in Klaten, Indonesia Women's Congress was held I attended several organizations, such as the Indonesian Women's Association (PERWANI) and Women Negara Indonesia (WANI). Both organizations were fused in a single organization, namely Pewari (Association of Women of the Republic of Indonesia).

In the field of education the government of Indonesia recognized the importance of education for the intellectual life of the nation. On December 27, 1945 formed a committee in charge of researching and formulating the problems of teaching and education. DiIndonesia general purpose of education is to educate children to become useful citizens.
For the broad interests of the people, the Committee of Inquiry will hold a teaching plan for illiteracy eradication efforts. Accordingly, other factors that are important in establishing the integrity and national unity is the language. Development of Indonesian have greater opportunities after Japan banned the use of Dutch language. When the time arrived for independence, the Indonesian language has been able to fulfill its function as the national language. This text begins with the proclamation of Indonesian writing.
Spelling is the Commission of the Republic, which is usually called Spelling Kelvin. In the field of art, especially literary art, painting, and artistic flare, style of fighting spirit was evident. Chairil Anwar is one of the pioneers of the independent Indonesian literary arts.
Another element that is not less important is the mass media. Newspapers at that time actively bring the spirit of struggle, including the Indonesian-language newspapers in the occupied areas, namely the Dutch territory. In addition to newspapers, radio is an effective communication tool. At the time of the revolution, RRI stations should move to avoid attacks buntuk Netherlands.
In the field of sports, in the midst of a tempestuous struggle, the Indonesian National Sports Week held (PON) as the container the unification of all components of the various regions. On September 9, 1948, held the National Sports Week (PON) I at Solo. The opening was held at the Presidential Palace in Yogyakarta.
Period 1950s
Ditahun 1950, priority of the government of Indonesia in the field of education is to build the universities to improve knowledge.
The government stressed the importance of education as a step techniques to master the modern world. In practice, issued Law No. 7 Year 1950, which obliges the Minister of Education Teaching and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia United States to take measures in consolidating the universities in Indonesia.

In this period, the press and the media have a very rapid development. This is motivated by a system of Parliamentary Democracy that freedom and liberalism in terms of writing the news began to grow. In this period, can be seen that the press in Indonesia is regional. That is, the press in this period was not concentrated in one area alone, but spread all over Indonesia. Based on the list of the Ministry of Information The Problems and Graphic Press, on April 1, 1945, there were 78 daily in Indonesia. Only 15 are published daily in Jakarta, the rest spread in the regions. It shows that the period of the 1950s, Indonesia began to increase community awareness to keep the information and increase knowledge about the outside world, especially in technology, politics, and culture.
Period 1960s
Concentration of government to improve higher education, especially universities in the era of the 1950s, resulted in the 1960 period. The level of community interest to explore higher education increased dramatically. In terms of teaching curriculum, the materials are related to the ideas and teachings of the Great Leader of the Revolution and the doctrine of Political-Manifesto.
In the political and cultural life, the PKI is dominating. With the political motto is commander, PKI trying to put the whole life of the people that are under his control. In addition, the doctrine of socialist realism in art and literary life is very dominating. It also entered into the movement of pop music that by the time the PKI was regarded as music ngak ngik ngok. Phenomenon that stems from a speech President Soekarna on August 17, 1959 of the Political Manifesto. Within this speech, he denounced Western culture that introduces music ngak ngik ngok and rock and roll. President Sukarno saw that it was a manifestation of the ideals of Western imperialism in the field of arts and culture.
 President Sukarno and then prohibit the development of the Cultural Manifestation (Manikebu) which contains the conception of universal humanism. Prohibition against President Sukarno Manikebu issued on May 8, 1964.


F. STATE POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND INDONESIA IN AN INITIAL-1960

 Conditions in Indonesia in the early 1960s was strongly influenced by the political cultures in the period of Guided Democracy. The position of President Sukarno as the country's supreme leader to be an absolute influence on the political policy, economic, and social development in Indonesia.
In this period, the influence of the PKI has deep roots in the middle of society, be it in terms of cultural, social, and political. Nasakom concept applied by President Sukarno became a legitimacy for the Party to move in the field of national political movement. Sukarno's attitude used by the PKI's right to enter any line of government and social life of society. PKI also use these points to draw coalition with the government of President Sukarno. Furthermore, the PKI was considered sufficient force in the political constellation of Guided Democracy led by President Sukarno. Socially - civic, PKI managed to dominate and spread in various lines of life of Indonesian people.
Conception of democracy that demands Guided President as the supreme ruler of the State embodied in the various decisions and government policies. The principle is manifested in the presidential decree No. 94 In 1962. This government decision to integrate the institution - the highest institution of the State, such as MPR, the DPR-GR, DPA, National Planning Council, and the National Front. The leaders of these institutions in the host became minister and participate in cabinet meetings, which later joined to formulate government policy.
The principle of the President as the supreme ruler of the State is also seen in the Presidential Decision No.. 4 Year 1962. Through determination, the President Assistant formed Leadership Council of the Revolution (MPPR). The Institute served as the assistant leader of the Revolution (PBR) in taking special and emergency policies in order to complete the process of revolution. As a result, all of life and governance arrangements under the authority of the president.
In the economic field, in the early 1960s, a period of inflation, the government tackle the problem by way of a replacement government issued a regulation laws No. 2 Year 1959 on reducing the amount of money circulating in the market.

Chapter 4 (IPS) Upheavals SOCIAL IN VARIOUS REGIONS

A. Upheavals SOCIAL IN VARIOUS REGIONS
 THE BEGINNING OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE YEAR 1965
 Various Security Disturbance Movement in the Interior
 In the United States Government of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS), not the least of problems faced by the government and people of Indonesia.  As a newly independent state, nation undermining Indonesia must face, both from outside and from within the country, whether they are ideological, adventure / personal interests / groups, or come from groups who fear losing their rights when the Dutch left Indonesia.
 Darul Islam Movement / Army of Islam Indonesia (DI / TII)
 One of the security problems faced by Indonesia came from a group calling itself the Darul Islam.  The group is led by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo.  The purpose of this movement want to establish an Indonesian Islamic State (NII) by force of arms.  Therefore, the armed forces formed the so-called Islamic Army of Indonesia.
 DI / TII originated in West Java and kept extending to Central Java, Aceh, South Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.  Its leaders, in addition to BC Kartosuwirjo (West Java), there is also the Fatah Amir (Central Java), David Beureueh (Aceh), Kahar Muzakkar (South Sulawesi), and Ibn Hajar (South Kalimantan).
 West Java
 DI / TlI in West Java began with the signing of the Renville Agreement on January 17, 1948.  As a result of the Renville Agreement, the government of Indonesia should recognize Dutch sovereignty over the territories under their control until the United States established the Republic of Indonesia (RIS).  The burden is heaviest RI RI guerrilla forces to be pulled out of the boundary demarcation line Van Mook and empty areas occupied Netherlands.  Indonesia was forced to withdraw its forces from West Java to Central Java.  BC Kartosuwirjo, with his troops consisting of Hezbollah and Sabilillah, refused Renville Agreement.  He refused to take his troops to Central Java and no longer recognize the existence of RI.  On August 7, 1949, Kartosuwirjo finally proclaimed the establishment of Islamic State of Indonesia (NII).
 Since then, begin stirring movements made by the members of the movement of DI / TII in West Java.  Not a few people who became victims.  Forces DI / Tll forcibly attract donations from the people.  Because income from the less people, the troops DI / TII visit people's homes and take possessions by force.  In the face of attack government forces, movement of DI / TII using guerrilla tactics.
 To deal with movements DI / TII, the government worked with local people. Dijalankanlah new tactics and strategy, called the war region. Adjie Ibrahim, was in charge of strategy, mobilize local people to help the armed forces with a posse tactics, which surrounded the movement IN / TII from all directions.
 On April 1, 1962, launched Operation Yudha Brata, the operation to move the DI / TII Kartosuwirjo.  Movement DI / TII increasingly desperate and do not have another chance to consolidate themselves.  As a result, one by one commander of the DI / TII surrendered.  On June 4, 1962, BC Kartosuwirjo and his followers were caught in the area Majalaya. After trial in August 1962, BC Kartosuwirjo sentenced to death.  He could ask for clemency to Presiders, but was rejected.  Leadership DI / TII eventually be executed by firing squad in front of the four armed forces of Indonesia.
 Central Java
 DI / TII in Central Java led by Amir Fatah and Kyai Sumolangu.  The core strength is the Hezbollah forces in Tegal formed in 1946.
 In the event of the Dutch Military Aggression II, Fatah Amir worked with the TNI.  He also served set-paramilitary irregulars incorporation into the military. Therefore, he had the opportunity to meet with members of the army.  However, he then reverses direction.  On August 23, 1949, proclaimed the founding of Fatah Amir Darul Islam and the state joined the DI / TII BC Kartosuwiryo.  Army called the Army of Islam Indonesia (TII) with the title Sharif Hidayat Battalion Widjaja Kusuma (SHWK).
 In addition, Tegal area Brebes, in the south (Kebumen), there is also movement of forces DI / TII, led by Muhammad Abd Mahfudh or known by Kyai Sumolangu.  The move was also made contact with the DI / TII BC Kartosuwirjo and intend to establish the Islamic State of Indonesia.  In 1954, this movement can be disabled by the military through Operation Thunder.
 South Sulawesi
 Movement DI / TII in South Sulawesi, led by Kahar
 Muzakkar.  I uprising background is different from what occurred in West Java and Central Java.  During the independence war, was commander of Kahar Muzakkar RI Army Regiment Preparation Hasanudin in Yogyakarta with the rank of lieutenant colonel.  TRI preparation now consist Hassanudin Sulawesi The young men in the island of Java.  In the battle of Surabaya, November 1945, they were also fighting for the city.
 Then, in early 1946, Kahar Muzakkar went to West Java and Indonesia form a Progress Battalion.  Members of the battalion is also the majority come from the youth of South Sulawesi.  In March 1946, he was contacted by Andi Matalatta and Saleh Lahade in Bandung.  Both fighters are young people from Sulawesi.  They also intend to seek logistical support in the form of weapons and drugs.  The three then agreed to form the Army of the Republic of Indonesia Preparation Sulawesi (TRIPS).  This idea is communicated to the Commander in Chief Sudirman and accepted as the Headquarters of the Army Plan (MBT).  On April 16, 1946, issued an order to the three characters, ie Muzakkar Kahar, Andi Matalatta, and M.  Lahade Saleh, to prepare the troops and the establishment of arrival in South Sulawesi, they have formed Army of the Republic of Indonesia (TRI).
 During the independence war took place, Kahar Muzakkar guerillas in South Sulawesi.  He also led the guerrilla laskarlaskar to join the Guerrilla Command South Sulawesi (KGSS).
 After the independence war was over, the government issued a policy of nationalization of the army-paramilitary.  Therefore, selection of members of the army held, but not all eligible to become members of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia United States (APRIS).  Kahar Muzakkar demanded that all members be included as members KGSS APRIS in Hasanuddin Brigade.  The government certainly can not meet these demands.
 In August 1951, Kahar Muzakkar fled into the forest with equipment and newly acquired weapons troops.  Then, he accepted an offer from BC Kartosuwirjo to hold leadership TII in Sulawesi and given a letter of appointment as commander of decisions Division IV / TII to Sulawesi and East Indonesia.  On August 7, 1953, Kahar Muzakkar joined NII Kartosuwirjo and since then he named the men as the Army of Islam Indonesia (TII).
 Kahar Muzakkar addressing this motion, the government of Indonesia launched a military operation to South Sulawesi.  Operation to rebellion Muzakkz Kahar takes more than 14 years.  South Sulawesi is the problem only really completed in 1965.  The factors that cause the length to quell this movement include the following.
•     Instilled a sense of tribalism by this gang rooted in the hearts of the people.
•     Kahar Muzakkar know the properties of local people.
•     Muzakkar Kahar and his gang can take advantage of the natural environment is already very familiar.
 On February 3, 1965, Muzakkar Kahar was shot dead in a gunfire exchange with the forces of Indonesia.  With the death of Muzakkar Kahar, finally revolt IN / til in South Sulawesi can be eliminated.
 Aceh
 DI / TII in Aceh led by David Beureueh a famous scholar.  After the proclamation of independence, there was a conflict between the Muslim scholars belonging to the whole of Aceh Ulama Association (Pusa), led by David Beureueh, dealing with the uleebalangs or the nobility as the customs.
 In order for the conflict is not culminate into a civil war, the government of Indonesia provides a special area status level as to the Aceh province.  David Beureueh appointed governor of Aceh.  However, in order to simplify administration of the state, in 1950, the Special Region of Aceh reduced to the status of residency in the Province of North Sumatra.  Arising deep disappointment among the people of Aceh because during the war for independence was not a little assistance given by the people of Aceh.
 On September 21, 1953, David Beureueh issued edicts declaring Aceh became part of the NII which was proclaimed by the BC Kartosuwirjo and severed ties with Jakarta.  In this movement, David Beureueh also affects the people of Aceh with the propaganda that vilify the government of Indonesia in Jakarta.  Therefore, the government of Indonesia had launched a military operation to crush the DI / TII in Aceh.  In addition, the TNI also provides information to the people of Aceh to find out the real situation.
 Top initiatives I Bukit Barisan Regional Commander, Colonel Jasin, Harmony People's Consultative diadakanlah Aceh on 17-28 December 1962.  In this meeting, discussed the problems and misunderstandings that occur.  Finally, consensus is reached and the insurgency can be resolved.
 South Kalimantan
 At the end of 1950, the People's Unity Tertindas Jang (KRJT) to attack military outposts in South Kalimantan.  KRJT led by a former Army lieutenant named Ibn Hajar Haderi aka aka Angli.  Government of Indonesia is still giving the opportunity for members of this movement to surrender properly.  Ibn Hajar himself and then surrendered.  However, after feeling strong and getting the equipment of war, he again made a mess with the help of Kahar Muzakkar and Kartosuwirjo.
 In 1954, Ibn Hajar was appointed as Commander of TII Kalimantan region. Finally, the military uses of military operations to crush the movement. In 1959, Ibn Hajar were arrested and on March 22, 1965, he was sentenced to death.
 PKI Madiun uprising 1948
 After the fall of Amir Syarifuddin Cabinet, Sukarno pointed Presiders Drs. Formatur Mohammad Hatta as the cabinet.  Cabinet ruled from January 29, 1948 - August 4, 1949.  Cabinet without members of this leftist (socialist-communist) have the following programs.
1.     Implementing the Renville Agreement.
2.     Accelerate the formation of the Republic of Indonesia United States (RIS).
3.     Implement rationalization and development in the country.
 To continue negotiations with the Dutch, the government appointed Mr Hatta. Mohammad Roem of Indonesia as chairman of the delegation.  While negotiations were in progress, Hatta Cabinet undermined by the political activities of the People's Democratic Front (FDR) which was formed on June 28, 1948 by the Amir Syarifuddin.
 In August 1948, Musso returned to Indonesia.  He was a veteran CPI leader since 1926 who lives in Moscow.  His arrival brought a new policy for the PKI.  The new basic policy is often called the New Road which is a rather brief political cooperation between the communists and political antiimperialis under the leadership of the communists.  Musso policy is to oppose the policy next cabinet deems Hatta of Indonesia has been sold to the imperialist / capitalist Netherlands. Musso stated that in the new stage of democratic struggle, still required the entire flow.  However, a time they should be removed because the only people who PKI can complete revolution.
 CPI increase pengacauannya activities.  Political conflict turned into armed insiders.  In Solo, for example, many sympathizers clash between FDR / PKI with political opponents and also with the TNI.  In an effort to overcome this situation, the government appointed Colonel Gatot Subroto as Military Governor of Daerah Istimewa Surakarta and surrounding areas, including Semarang, Pati, and Madiun.
 Meanwhile, the government's attention focused on the Surakarta, on September 18, 1948, FDR / Party took power in Madiun.  FDR / PKI and proclaimed the establishment of the Soviet Republic of Indonesia.  Besides in Madiun, PKI also managed to form a new government in Pati.  At the same time, Musso attacked government by saying that the Soekarno-Hatta has run political capitulation to the Dutch and English, and to sell land to the capitalists.  Government to take immediate action to crush the PKI was the movement launched a military operation I.
 Leadership operation to be submitted to Colonel AH Nasution.  At that time, he served as Commander of Java Command Headquarters (Headquarters). On 30 September 1948, Madison had retaken by the TNI.  In operation, Musso had been shot dead.  Meanwhile, Amir Syarifuddin and other figures can be arrested and sentenced to death.
 RI government action to crack down on political PKI sympathy from Western countries.  They rate as the state anti-RI and embrace democratic principles.  It was strengthen Indonesia's position in the eyes.  world.


 Armed Forces Movement Ratu Adil
 Armed Forces of the Ratu Adil (APRA) led by Captain Raymond Westerling.  He is a former commander of Dutch troops in formation KNIL Indonesia.  APRA goal is to maintain the Dutch interests through his creation puppet state in the federal state system.
 On January 23, 1950, suddenly about 800 members of APRA troops led by Captain Westerling stormed the city of Bandung.  They kill every member of the TNI / APRIS encountered.  APRA movement also succeeded in occupying the office Siliwangi Division staff in the morning which was only guarded by a squad of troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel.  Lembong.
 RIS Government immediately sent troops to aid Bandung.  Meanwhile, the government of RIS is also holding negotiations with the Dutch high commissioner in Jakarta. As a result, the commander of Dutch troops urged to leave Bandung Westerling.  In the afternoon the same day, troops APRA successfully driven out of town and continue to be pursued by the forces of the Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces of the United States (APRIS) with the people until they can be disabled.  Westerling himself managed to escape.  In February 1950, aboard the Dutch ship, he left Indonesia to Malaya.  APRA this event has led to the dissolution of the State Pasundan.
 Andi Aziz Rebellion
 Another danger that threatens national security is a rebellion Andi Aziz in Makassar (Ujung Pandang).  Andi Aziz was the captain of the Netherlands Koninklijke officer Indische Leger (KNIL) who with his troops joined the APRIS on March 30, 1950.  APRIS commander at the time was Lt. Col. AJ Mokoginta, Army and Territory of East Indonesia.
 At that time, the state of South Sulawesi, especially the city of Makassar, was passing.  People who hold a demonstration federal antinegara urged Eastern Indonesia State (NIT) was dissolved and merged back with RI.  Groups that agree with the idea of a federal state hold a demonstration replies.  The atmosphere grew hot and crucial to the spread of rumors that the battalion leader Major HV Worang of Java will be placed in South Sulawesi.  Andi Aziz and his followers will be worried about their position pressed by troops from Java.
 On the morning of 5 April 1950, Andi Aziz along with his army attacked the headquarters of APRIS and important places of others.  In a short time, the city of Makassar successfully controlled APRIS karmic forces very small amount.  United States Government of the Republic of Indonesia (RIS) is forced to face the rebellion by force of arms.  Three days later, the government issued an ultimatum to Andi Aziz in the 4 x 24 hours to report to Jakarta. The army was ordered to ban out of the dormitory and the weapons handed over to APRIS.  This ultimatum was not met so that the central government had to deploy armed force to crush Andi Aziz.
 APRIS joint forces deployed to South Sulawesi, led by Colonel AE Kawilarang assisted by the officers commanding the troops, like Lt. Col. Soeharto (former Presiders RI), Major HV Worang, Andi Mattalata, and Lieutenant S.  Sukowati.  Deploy naval warships Hang Tuah, Buffalo, and Eagle.  Air Force helped with some of bombers B-25 Mitchell.
 On April 15, 1950, Andi Aziz gave up and went to Jakarta.  With the loss of the leader, the army and the NIT was dissolved to merge back into the Unitary State of Indonesia.  Meanwhile, some of the NIT that does not agree with the idea of joining the dissolution of NIT and a separatist movement by forming their own state called the Republic of South Maluku (RMS).
 Movement of the Republic of South Maluku (RMS)
 The idea of formation of the South Maluku Republic (RMS) came from Mr.  Dr.  Christian Robert Steven Soumokil, former Attorney General NIT NIT After the dissolution, he fled to Ambon.  Incidentally, in Ambon are former members of APRA who also moved there.  These forces successfully instigated by Soumokil.  He spread the idea of the formation of the South Maluku Republic (RMS), which was proclaimed on April 24, 1950.
 At first, RIS government tried to deal with the rebellion by peaceful means.  Some figures from the United States of Maluku, like dr. Leimena sent to Ambon to negotiate.  However, this peace mission rejected by Soumokil.  He even asked for help recognition from the Netherlands, the United States, and the UN Commission for Indonesia.  The people of Ambon was also no small part to help find a way penyelessaian. On 12-13 June 1950, Maluku Conference held in Semarang.  In the meeting, discussed how the resolution of political problems in the Moluccas.  Some suggest that the government gave autonomy to the Central Maluku.  The young men generally rejected the idea and urged the government to take firm action RIS.
 RIS Government began preparing a military operation to crush the RMS separatist movement, led by Colonel AE Kawilarang.  The attack began directed to the island of Buru and Seram forwarded to.  RMS himself intended to concentrate its strength in Seram and Ambon.  APRIS attacks in Ambon was divided into three groups, namely
•     I group led by Major Ahmad Wiranatakusumah;
•     Group II, led by Lt. Col. Slamet Riyadi;
•     III group led by Major Surjo Subandrio.
 On November 3, 1950, troops landed APRIS began in Ambon in order to seize Fort Nieuw Victoria.  In close combat in the face of New Castle Victoria, Lt. Col. Slamet Riyadi was shot and killed.  After going through a pretty fierce battle, the city of Ambon can finally mastered and RMS resistance can be destroyed.  The remnants of the RMS movement had fled to the island of Seram, even in the Netherlands.


 Movement Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia / People's Struggle (PRRI / Permesta)
 The formation of regional councils, such as the Council Bull, Elephant House, House of Garuda, and the Board Manguni, closely related to the situation and condition of the country at that time.  Independence had been achieved by the people interpreted as the beginning of development in all fields.  In fact, the situation and condition of the Indonesian people became more and more apprehensive.  Political life and parliamentary democratic system is not stable.  Cabinet never lasted karna often fall before he could run his programs. Similarly important positions and strategic occupied by people who did not fit with the field. At that time, a person's position is determined by the relationships primordial and partisan.
 Circumstances far from satisfying it has been a member of a group of military thinking in the area.  In West Sumatra, struck concerns reunion participants Buffalo Council held in November 1956 at the Padang.  In the reunion, the participants agreed that in the process of development, the potential and wealth of the region will be explored as much as possible on the basis of regional autonomy broad.  Results reported to the Jakarta reunion by the Council delegation consisting of Bull Djambek Dahlan, A.  Halim, Dahlan Ibrahim, Sodi Baharudin, and Ali Lubis.
 As a continuation of the decision of former members of the reunion meeting of the Council of the Bull, Lieutenant Colonel.  Achmad Hussein as Chairman of the Board of Buffalo, took the decision to take over local government from the governor of Central Sumatra Muljohardjo Ruslan.  The incident occurred on 20 December 1956 in the Governorates of Padang.  The reason put forward is that the governor appointed by the central government seen as less successful in developing regions of Central Sumatra.
 About the reasons for the formation of the Council of Elephants in North Sumatra, Colonel Simbolon said that the circumstances at that time was seen as very critical.  State of the nation and the country in disarray.  However undangundang and existing laws remain in effect.
 Besides the Central Sumatra and North Sumatra, the unrest also occurred in South Sumatra, the political groups have successfully influenced the local military leader sparked Charter Development as regional aspiration.  They then formed the Council of Garuda.  As a follow-up, the board sparked demands to the central government to the South Sumatra area given the wide-ranging autonomy.  They also demanded maintenance of duumvirate Soekarno-Hatta in controlling the government of the Republic of Indonesia.  Furthermore, under the pretext of security interests and peace, as Acting Lieutenant Colonel Barlian.
 Commander Territory II issued a decision that the Regional Head of South Sumatra, Winarno Danuatmodjo, asked to surrender his power to expedite development efforts in South Sumatra.
 Apart from Sumatra, Indonesia in the east, there is also unrest. On March 2, 1957, in Makassar Territory VII Commander, Lt. Col. Ventje Sumual, proclaimed the Charter of the People's Struggle (Permesta). The movement covers an area of Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Islands, and Maluku .  The Charter was signed by 51 community leaders of eastern Indonesia.  In order to facilitate the implementation of the program, said Lt. Col. Sumual eastern Indonesia region in danger. All local governments taken over by the military.
 To ease the turmoil in the region, on 10-14 September 1957, held the National Conference (MUNAS) which was attended by national leaders, both at central and local.  Present at the meeting, former Vice President Moh.  Hatta.  At the meeting, discussed the problems of government, local interests, economics, finance, army, party, as well as problems related to the Soekarno-Hatta duumvirate.
 MUNAS successfully make decisions that reflect the atmosphere of mutual understanding.  In closing MUNAS, issued a joint statement signed by President Sukarno and former Vice President Moh. Hatta.
 On November 25 to December 4, 1957, established the National Development Council (MUNAP) located in Building Sports Medan Merdeka Selatan, Jakarta.  The purpose is primarily MUNAP is to discuss and formulate development efforts in accordance with local conditions.  Deliberation followed by economic experts, representatives of parties and organizations, the central figures of local clans, and military officials.  The military leader of the whole territory musyarawah present in this, except Col. Achmad Hussein from KODAM Central Sumatra.
 Although already held MUNAS and MUNAP, conditions of political life does not get better.  In fact, there assassination attempt against President Sukarno when attending an event at the University Cikini, Jakarta, on November 30, 1957.  Events Cikini result, the situation worsened Indonesia. The regions are not more calm turbulent, but the desire to escape from the central government.
 On February 10, 1958, Chairman of the Board of Bull, Achmad Hussein, issued an ultimatum to the central government to withdraw Djuanda Cabinet within 5 x 24 hours.  Faced with this ultimatum, the government acted firmly with respect rnemecat are not Achmad Hussein, Simbolon, Zulkifli Lubis, and Dahlan Djambek from office.  They are officers of the Army who was sitting in the leadership of regional movements.  On February 12, 1958, Army Chief of Staff Nasution issued an order to freeze KODAM Central Sumatra and then placed directly under Army Chief of Staff.
 On February 12, 1958, Ahmad Husayn proclaimed the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI), with Syafruddin Prawiranegara as prime minister.
 Proclamation PRRI announced in Padang apparently received from the eastern part of Indonesia.  In meetings held in several places in the region, Regional Commander North and Central Sulawesi (KDMSUT), Colonel DJ Somba, issued a statement that since February 17, 1958 North Sulawesi and Central states severed ties with the central government and established the Revolutionary Government of the Republic , Indonesia (PRRI).
 The central government in Jakarta to act immediately.  Presiders Sukarno, Prime Minister Djuanda, and Army Chief of Staff Nasution agreed to act decisively against the perpetrators of such treason.  orders arrest figures were released PRRI movement.  To restore security, government military operation.  The government began to prepare the combined forces of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.  led military operations submitted to the General Ahmad Yani.  Joint military operations for the North Sulawesi region called Sapta Marga Operation.
 In February 1958, Air Force planes began bombing in the town of Padang and a number of places other PRRI troop concentrations.  In addition, Army troops also landed by sea.  rebel forces began to conduct guerrilla warfare.  On May 14, 1958, the central rebel defense succeeded in Bukittinggi Bukittinggi city destroyed and can be mastered.
 The government also acted firmly against Permesta movement.  Somba statement in connection with opposing the central government, Army Chief of Staff as the Lord of war finally fired Somba Center and Major Runturambi.  Battalion command authority under KDMSUT submitted to the Regional Command East Angat (KOANDAIT).  PRRI / Permesta can finally overpowered around August 1958, although the remains are still there until the year 1961.  Problem solving PRRI / Permesta also carried out in other ways.  Peru Peru ndingan-ndingan between military leaders with rebel leaders executed Terns.  Finally, the rebel forces had gradually come out of hiding and surrendered to the central government. On June 22, 1961, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and then grant amnesty and abolition to members of the PRRUPERMESTA movement back to the government of the Republic of Indonesia.
 Column History
 The emergence of a rebellion in the various regions in Java can not be removed from the events of hijrahnya Siliwangi Forces guerrilla areas.  This event is the result of the Renville Agreement, so that Siliwangi Division troops should leave and empty the guerrilla areas.  This agreement was born as a form of cease-fire and demilitarization of, the Dutch and the Indonesian side, which is initiated by the Australian representative in the negotiations Three-State Commission.  The result, RI troops should be in the back of the Van Mook line that connects between a region controlled by the Dutch to other areas controlled by the Dutch.  These areas are called pocket area, and must be discharged from the army division Sliwangi. Akibatnyp, Siliwangi troops were forced to migrate from areas of the bag.  In West Java, a division of 35,000 troops were forced to move to Siliwangi Central Java
 Seeing emptiness enclaves emerged groups who do not agree with the decision of the government of the Republic of Indonesia at that time.  DI / TII in West Java is one group that did not agree with the decision of the government of Indonesia.  With dioirnpin by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo, DI / TII proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia.  Guerrilla troop withdrawal from Central Java are also 'raises similar rebel groups.  DI / TII in Central Java and Fatah leader Amir Solomangu Kyai in Tegal and Brebes the effect of the vacuum bag area by troops ditingalkan RI.
 B. THE MOVEMENT 30 SEPTEMBER 1965/PKI
 Event Background The September 30th Movement 1965/PKI
 The communists in the world have the same goal, namely to seize power and create a dictatorship of the proletariat.  Similarly, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).  It seems obvious effort since the rebellion in Madiun in 1948 until the outbreak of rebellion G30S PKI in 1965.
 Since DN Aidit elected chairman of the PKI in 1951, CPI began to develop programs to rise again.  Re-emergence of PKI activity in 1951 to encourage the Cabinet Sukiman an arrest of PKI members.  The act was known as an event in August 1951 Razia.
 PKI leadership then must change and improve the organization's tactics and strategies. Strategy infiltration not only into the body of parties or organizations there, but also to the armed forces.  This is in line also with the concept of revolution from above and below.  This effort succeeded in making PKI as one of the four major parties in Indonesia as a result of the 1955 election (PNI, Masyumi, and PKI).
 In an effort to develop cadres of the CPI in the body of the armed forces, in 1964, which established the Special Bureau directly under DN Aidit. The characters in this Special Bureau is Pono, Bono, and Sham Kamaruzaman. At the same time, the PKI also infiltrated the in political organizations and other community.  Among themselves, develop PKI cadres and provide military training to members of the Pemuda Rakyat (PR) and Gerwani (Gerakan Wanita Indonesia).
 In early 1964, more aggressive attitude of the PKI.  PKI attacking parties considered as opposed to through public meetings and campaigns through mass media and propaganda posters.  PKI labeling his political enemies as the devils' village, city devils, kabir (bureaucrat capitalists), kontrev (counter-revolution), the agent Necolim (neocolonialism and imperalialisme), and others.
 PKI also launched a unilateral action.  Through his cadres, PKI inciting the workers and peasants to seize land under the pretext of land reform. These actions, followed by a physical action against those regarded as opponents.  It was not a soul to take its toll.
 Political conditions of the heat due to the statement.  Moreover at that time, the state of RI are running confrontation with Malaysia is considered as a project Necolim by President Sukarno.  Necolim is' an extension of Neo Colonialism and Imperialism.  Malaysia Necolim said to be a project of the British government.  The situation was used by the PKI to strengthen themselves.  Doctrine NASAKOM endeavored to apply PKI structurally with each entity includes government and activities, including the Armed Forces.  NASAKOM itself is composed of schools of the Nationalists, Religion, and the Communists.
 On January 14, 1965, chairman of CC PKI, DN Aidit, demanding that the government of arming the workers and peasants with a reason to destroy Necolim.  PKI demands were accommodated by the National Front.  Party proposed the establishment of the Fifth Force comprised of the workers and peasants. Then, on January 17, 1965 determination meeting was held in Jakarta, attended by the Executive Board of (PB) of the National Front, the political party leaders, officials of mass organizations, and group work.  The core is the determination of government to train and arm the cornerstone of the revolution (the workers and peasants) to face the aggression of the Necolim.  The proposal was rejected firmly by the Army.
 PKI aware of the most dangerous opponent, is the Army.  Therefore, PKI trying to blame the Army with some unilateral action.  In this unilateral action, along with members of PKI Barisan Tani Indonesia (BTI), which has influenced the PKI for inciting the peasants who live on the land they belong to farmers under the Agrarian Law.  As a result, in some places, a physical clash.  Not a few casualties when the army tried to prevent the peasants who tilled the land is not right. Unilateral actions of this PKI, among other things, in the event Bandar Betsy in North Sumatra and Events Kanigoro in Kediri in 1964.
 Chronological events September 30 Movement 1965/PKI
 In August 1965, President Sukarno reportedly ill and according to the explanation of the special team of doctors imported from China, is going to die or be paralyzed.  DN Aidit a good opportunity to seize power.  At that time, spread to the issue of Council will take over power, if the President could no longer govern.
 The main target of the next action is to eliminate the PKI tops Army leadership.  They are a military group that was not successfully fostered by the Special Bureau of the PKI.  Leadership of the Special Bureau of the PKI, Sham Kamaruzaman, rnengadakan meeting to prepare for the implementation of the planned movement on September 30, which planned the following agenda.
•     Kidnapped the generals Army leadership to stifle the power of the Armed Forces.
•     RRI building occupied
•     Strengthen PKI defense base in Crocodile Hole, located near the headquarters of the TNI-AU.
•     Formed the Revolutionary Council which would replace the civilian administration.
•     Dismiss Dwikora cabinet and form a government based on NASAKOM.
 Military movement was led by Battalion Commander I Cakrabirawa Regiment, Lt. Col. Untung Samsuri, and involving four companies presidential bodyguard.  Although the movement they called the September 30th Movement, in fact, they began to move in the early morning, October 1, 1965.  Movement 30 September 1965 was preceded by the kidnapping of six officers and a first officer of the Army, which is as follows.


1.     Lieutenant General Achmad Yani
 (Minister / Commander of the Army)
2.     Major General R. Soeprapto
 (Deputy Commander of the Army II)
3.     Major General Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono
 (Deputy Army Commander III)
4.     Major General Suwando Parman
 (Assistant Commander of the Army I)
5.     Brigadier General Donald Izacus Pandjaitan
 (Assistant Army Commander IV)
6.     Brigadier General Soetojo Siswomihardjo
 (Superintendent of Justice / Trial Counsel)
7.     Lieutenant I Pierre Andreas Tendean
 (Adjutant General AH Nasution)
 The seven officers were brought to Crocodile Hole at the moment that made the center of the PKI movement.  Three officers, namely General Achmad Yani, Major General M.  T Haryono, and Brigadier-General DI Panjaitan coati had been shot by the kidnappers before being taken there.  Actually, there are seven Army officers who want to abducted at the time.  However, Defense Minister Compartment / Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, General Abdul Haris Nasution, escaped.  The kidnappers took his aide, Lieutenant I PA.  Tendean.  In addition, Ade Irma Nasution, General Nasution's daughter, joined the victim.
 Along with the kidnapping of time, troops seized and controlled the Milky Way RRI building and Telecommunications Post in Jalan Merdeka.  Fortunately, as the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel, at 07.20 o'clock, broadcast by RRI of the existence of the purge of the members of the Council of Generals who are planning to stage a coup against the government of Sukarno Presiders by progressive young officers who opposed the coup plan.  This broadcast is repeated at 08.15.
 At 13:00 o'clock, through the RRI, announced the formation of a decree of the Revolutionary Council and the Cabinet expressed Dwikora outgoing.  On that occasion, also announced that the Revolutionary Council is the source of power in the Republic of Indonesia.
 In Central Java, G30S/PKI seized power in military command headquarters VII / Diponegoro in Semarang and 072 military region headquarters in Yogyakarta.  On October 1, 1965, the PKI also announced the establishment of the Revolutionary Council in Yogyakarta, chaired by Major Mulyono station RRI Yogyakarta.  072 military region commander Colonel Katamso and his chief of staff, Lieutenant Colonel Sugiyono, was kidnapped and murdered by rebels in the village of Kentungan.
 Kostrad Major General Soeharto as the highest helm AD in place at that time to take immediate action to control the situation.  Coordinative steps carried out between the unity of the Armed Forces, especially those living in Jakarta, through their respective commanders who successfully contacted.
 At the same time, some local military unit was assembled in Jakarta to commemorate the birthday of the Armed Forces ~ ke20 on October 5, 1965. Two of the unity of the region, namely 454/Diponegoro and 530/Brawijaya Battalion, was supported G30S/PKI and was in the vicinity Jalan Medan Merdeka, stationed around the RRI.
 By using KOSTRAD elements in Jakarta and the military unit that was still loyal, the 328th Battalion Kujang / Siliwangi, 2nd Cavalry Battalion, and Battalion I Regiment The Army Command (RPKAD), crushing G30S/PKI begins.  Operation to G30S, starting launched on October 1, 1965.  Kostrad ensuring that the operation was as much as possible not to fall off many victims.  RPKAD troops, under the command of Colonel Sarwo Edhie Wibowo, trying to do the job best. Finally, in a short time, successfully thwarted G30S/PKI Revolt.
 Several Opinions of Tragedy G30S/PKI Rebellion
 As a great nation, Indonesia continually learn from its history to achieve success in the future.  Chronological story of the history of the tragedy of the rebellion G30S/PKI events so far left so many polemics in the community.  The number of sources that stated that there were differences in the telling one version of the history of the Indonesian nation has been so much discourse spread and become quite crucial.  However, the existence of this phenomenon shows that there are two tendencies in society.  First, a mature attitude held by the Indonesian people in seeing the history of his people.  Second, the importance to be wise in reviewing the history of his nation trip.
 Polemics about the events September 30 Movement Party today more and more, but it must be verifiable.  Here is some analysis of events both who puppeteers and the parties involved in the incident.


 1. The idea that the PKI as the mastermind of the event, among others:
•     open support of the Party's People's Daily on October 2, 1965;
•     recognition of PKI officials in front of the Extraordinary Military Tribunal (MAHMILUB);
•     the presence of the Special Bureau led Sham Kamaruzaman.
2.     Opinion that these events are due to internal conflicts AD.  This version is supported by Benedict Anderson and Ruth T McVey in research known as the Cornell Paper.  The reason, then, the PKI in that unfortunate situation is the last best effort not to screw up.  Meanwhile, the body of the army, there is disillusionment with the Army leadership at the middle part of the officer.
3.     Opinion that the mastermind behind the event was Maj. Gen. Suharto.  This version is presented by WE Wertheim.  Dutch historians are seen close to Suharto Army officer involved in the September 30th Movement events PKI, namely Col. Untung and Lieutenant Colonel.  Latief.
4.     Opinion that the President knew before the event.  This is based on the CIA documents, namely The Coup That Backfired, published in 1995.  In the document, says that on Day 30 September 1965, Chief of Defense Gen. Information Sugandhi inform the conversation with Sudisman and DN Aidit to President Sukarno of PKI coup plan. However, by President Soekarno, Brig Sugandhi considered communist phobia. There was also added MAHMILUB result, the testimony of aides presiders, Bambang Widjanarko.  This analysis is also supported by Anthony CA, (an American historian).
 5. Opinions Harold Crouch, an Indonesian observer from the Australian National University (ANU) in the writings entitled Another Look at the Indonesian Coup, a conspiracy theory saying that the tragedy of the rebellion has three interpretations G30S/PKI cause.  First, he saw that the cause of the emergence of the tragedy comes from the existence of factions within the military who are not satisfied with the leadership of the military top brass, top brass at the time.  Second, the tragedy G30S/PKI emerge due to the argument that the movement of military forces on 30 September 1965 all masterminded by the PKI.  Thirdly, he interprets that the cause of the emergence of G30S/PKI tragedy is that there is a partnership between several government officials with the leadership of the PKI.

 Socio-Political Impact of the September 30 Movement Events 1965/PKI
 Rebellion G30S/PKI bring Indonesia into the social crisis and political governance. Dwikora Cabinet Meeting, October 6, 1965, has determined that penyelessaian political aspects of the events September 30 Movement 1965/PKI will be handled directly by President Sukarno.  However, in practice, the political crisis emerged because people saw that the resolution of this problem is not visiting G30S/PKI bring changes that have been mandated to President Sukarno in Dwikora Cabinet meeting.  As a result, the political crisis is making people worried about the potential re-emergence of terrorism ever carried out by the PKI in the past.
 Concerns the people of Indonesia to the practice of extermination of the PKI is not done optimally increased by the growing economic conditions declined during the period.  The increase in world oil prices on January 3, 1966 to make Indonesia socio-political conditions began to flare up.
 Government of Indonesia took the initiative to form an ad hoc committee tasked with investigating the effect of rising prices of goods, services, and world oil prices.  Furthermore, the government formed a body called the Fact Finding Commission.  Its members consist of leaders or leaders of political parties and government officials.  The task of this agency is to collect all data, information, and facts about G30S/PKI events in various regions in Indonesia.  The agency worked for about 1 month, from December 27, 1965 until January 6, 1966. Through the survey, the agency concluded that the Indonesian people want the President to take action to solve problems telling G30S/PKI and political excesses.  The results of this body of work submitted to the President on January 10, 1966.
 On the other hand, comes maneuvers conducted by elements of society, students, youth, and students.  The various movements such as the Indonesian Student Action Union (U.S.), Joint Action of Indonesian Students Youth (KAPPI), Joint Action of Indonesian Students (Kapi), Indonesian Labor Action (KABI), Bachelor of Indonesia Joint Action (KASI) and the Indonesian Women's Action Union ( KAWI) were combined in a single determination.  They demanded settlement G30S/PKI case.  On October 26, 1965, these movements to unite themselves into a single file called Front Pancasila.
 Then, on December 31, 1965, established a joint movement of the front row called the Coordinating Board and the Joint Action Front Pancasila.  Front movement was then announced Scripts Supports Declaration of Pancasila. The contents of this declaration are as follows.
1.     Support and encourage the raising duumvirate unity between elements of society and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI) in implementing and practice of Pancasila is pure.
2.     Rejecting defense efforts of any element, and in whatever form the September 30th Movement 1965/PKI.
 The rise of political maneuvering and demand action from the various elements of the popular movement and student demonstrations culminated in the events on January 10, 1966.  Demonstrations took to the streets on that day spearheaded by the Indonesian Student Action Union (U.S.) consisting of students at the University of Indonesia. On January 12, 1966, the combined entity of this action came to the House of Representatives to file 3 claims Tritura known, or Tri People's Demands .  Tritura contents are as follows.
1.     PKI.
2.     Cleaning cabinet Dwikora of G30S/PKI elements.
3.     Lower prices and economic improvement.
 Demonstrations by students that were not successfully alleviate the political turmoil that occurred in Indonesia.  In the plenary session of the Cabinet Dwikora, January 15, 1966, at the Bogor Palace, the President invited representatives of students.  However, the President actually launched charge that the actions of the student demonstrations mounted by the forces suspected Necolim (Neo-Colonialism and Imperialism) and the United States CIA (Central Intelligence Agency).  President Sukarno and then create a united front called the Barisan Sukarno, with members coming from various elements of society.  The aim of the formation of this front is to maintain the position of President Sukarno of Necolim movements, counter-revolutionary movements, and PKI are considered to undermine his position as presiders.  Front Pancasila and the University of Indonesia Student Council, which consists of some members of the U.S. activists, support the formation of the Barisan Sukarno.
 On the other hand, comes against the aspirations of the founding of the Barisan Sukarno, namely the U.S. Armed Forces and the Central.  They argue that the establishment of the Barisan Soekarno-level will only increase divisions among the people.
 Apart from the formation of the Barisan Sukarno, was, Tritura not get a positive response from the government of President Sukarno.  One of the demands in Tritura is a demand to the government to clean Dwikora Cabinet of PKI elements.  However, the Cabinet reshuffle Dwikora on February 21, 1966, President Sukarno actually put the names of ministers suspected of involvement in the events G30S/PKI, like Dr. Tjo Soebandrio and Oei Tat.  Instead, the characters who oppose the PKI, such as the AH Nasution, it was removed from the ministry of the new Cabinet reshuffle result of this, which was then called "Cabinet Gestapu" or "100 Cabinet Minister" by the students.
 Political tensions increased in Indonesia February 24, 1966, when the ministers of the Cabinet reshuffle Dwikora inaugurated.  At that time, students marched down the streets to reject the inauguration of the new cabinet.  In this event, the demonstrators who came from University of Indonesia, Arief Rahman Hakim, who died hit by bullets fired by the Regiment Cakrabirawa.  Casualties from the student activists increasingly trigger political tensions between the government of President Sukarno clan, the student movement.  On February 25, 1966, President Sukarno issued a decree pembubarkan U.S..  Enforcement of the curfew in Jakarta was carried out intensively by the military.  Since March 3, 1966, University of Indonesia was closed and students are prohibited from engaging in meetings and gathered more than 5 people.

 Column History
 Crushing G 30 S / PKI in Central Java
 In addition to the action in Jakarta, rebellion G 30 S / PKI also waged in central java.  Power of PKI in Central Java, among others, have been represented by military forces who have diinfilrasi by schools of â € "schools of communism by the political bureau of the PKI.  Assistant I in semarang Kodam VII / Diponegoro announced his support for the action G 30 S / PKI Provincial Central Java.  The statement was announced by RRI Semarang at 13:00, 1 October 1965. In addition, the strength of PKI appeared in Solo, along with the kidnapping of military leaders.  Terinfiltrasi troops by PKI include battalion K and M.  For the region of Yogyakarta, Army battalion that is terinfiltrasi L and C.  In the town of Salatiga, battalions D also represents the emergence of the PKI forces in Semarang.  In Yogyakarta, the emergence of the PKI forces RRI confirmed in an announcement on October 1, 1965.  in these Pegumuman, Colonel Mulyono meneqaskan Revolutionary Council in the establishment of Yokyakarta.  Military officers who seized the chief of staff of 072 military region, Lieutenant Colonel Sugiono.  In Solo, the battalion strength M which has terinfiltrasi by the PKI, to kidnapping the 6th Brigade Commander (Colonel Azhari), Commander of the District Military Command 0735 (M. Darso), Chief of Staff Kodim 735 (Major Soeparjan), and Military Police Detachment Commander Solo (Captain Parwoto ).  Support the PKI in the city of Solo is also given by the mayor of Solo, Oetomo Ramelan.  To borrow the name of the Front Nasution, he announced his support for G 30 S / PKI.
 Government together with the Armed Forces were immediately crushing.  With the use of military strength in Magelang unspoiled side with the government also conducted operations began in the morning, October 2, 1965 At 05.00, the Armed Forces with the power of 2 armored platoons 10:00 .. The RRI announced through the entire chain of command that kodam VII / Diponegoro was dominated again by the Armed Forces.  However, kidnapping and terrorism is still often occur in various regions in Central Java.  It was caused by the strong power base in Central Java PKI.
 Furthermore, the Regional Commander VII / Diponegoro ask for help from RPKAD and cavalry to the extermination of the security problems in Central Java. On October 19, 1965, these troops arrived in Central Java.  Regional Commander VII / Diponegoro then announced that the entire region of Central Java in a state of war.  Regulations that came into effect October 26, 1965, which imposed a curfew from 17:30 o'clock until 05.30 o'clock. Sarwo Edhi Then, as commandant RPKAD, forming Operation Commander of Merapi on December 1, 1965.  Any operation to be done thoroughly-kingpin kingpin PKI, such as Colonel Sahirman, Colonel Maryono, Lt. Col. USMA, Major Samadi, Major RW Sakirno, and Captain Sukarno successfully disabled.  In addition, this operation to catch DN Aidit on November 22, 1965.  RPKAD troops pulled back from Central Java, on December 30, 1965.

 Summary
 On January 14, 1965, chairman of CC PKI, DN Aidit, demanding that the government of arming the workers and peasants with a reason to destroy Necolim.  CPI demands on the capacity of the National Front.  CPI for the creation of a fifth force which consists of the workers and peasants. Then, on January 17, 1965 determination meeting was held in Jakarta attended by the Big Board (PB) of the National Front, the political party leaders, officials of mass organizations, and group work.  The core is the determination that the government train and equip teachers œsoko € â € revolusiâ (the workers and peasants) to face the aggression of the Necolim.
 The main target of the next action is to eliminate the PKI tops Army leadership.  They are bitter enemies who were not successful in coaching by the Special Bureau of the PKI.  Special Bureau of the PKI leadership, Sham Kamaruzaman, held a meeting to prepare the implementation of the planned movement on 30 September.
 This military movement led by Battalion Commander I Cakrabirawa Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Samsuri Luckily, involving four companies and the presidential bodyguard. Although the movement they called the September 30th Movement, in fact, they began to move in the early morning, October 1, 1965.  30 September 1965 the movement was preceded by the kidnapping of CPI-six men and one officer of the Army's first officer.
 Rebellion G30S/PKI bring Indonesia into the crisis of political governance and social siding Dwi Kora Cabinet on October 6, 1965, has determined that a political settlement of G30S/PKI events will be handled directly by President Sukarno.  However, the problem is not a visit G30S/PKI resolved.  As a result, the political crisis that makes people worried about re-emergence of terrorism as it had been done by the PKI in the past.