Chapter 6 (IPS) ERA REFORM IN INDONESIA

A. Multidimensional crisis and the emergence of reform

In mid 1997, the monetary crisis hit the country - the region of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. Monetary crisis in Indonesia began with the decline of the rupiah. This triggered a decrease economic productivity and the emergence of dysfunctional economic institutions in overcoming the crisis. Masyrakat a critical group to see that this crisis is the fault of the New Order is considered not good in taking care of government. This then leads to the emergence of the legitimacy crisis of confidence ataspemerintahan New Order. Campus community consisting of students, faculty, and Rector began to voice his opinion through a variety of media, be it a seminar, discussion, free speech forum to rally. The problem of confidence crisis, the New Order terhadappemerintahan increased with raised again as President Suharto of Indonesia. These events and clashes between student groups and the army and Suharto's support groups began to emerge.
Multidimensional crisis that hit Indonesia in the period 1997-1998 provides great access to the dynamics of economic life, political, social and nation. Starting from the economic crisis that hit Indonesia in mid 1997, had a domino effect immediately lashed the Indonesian community in various lines. Decrease in the level of purchasing power, the emergence of social crisis and rising unemployment due to layoffs become a crucial social problems. Political crisis, social and legitimacy crisis of the New Order government later emerged as the main reaction.
The various crises that hit Indonesia was also decorated by the bloody events and political in it. Crisis after crisis that must be faced by Indonesia in the 1997-1998 period to re-hit Indonesia. The process of nation-state building needs to be done by the government of Indonesia after President Sukarno in 1966, was just entering the beginning stages. Various political maneuvering and student demonstrations were coloring the events at the beginning of the period bergulirnya reform movement initiated by students and some community leaders in 1998.
Economic crisis      
The economic crisis that hit Indonesia in 1997 is a domino effect of the Asian economic crisis that hit many countries, including Thailand, Philippines, and Malaysia. Caused by the weak economic fundamentalism, Indonesia experienced many difficulties in rearranging its economy back out of the crisis.
    Indonesia's economic development has stagnansi since the 1990s. At that time, neo-liberalism became the norm system of economic regulation and political world. Production goods into Indonesia is not competitive when compared with goods abroad which freely enters Indonesian market. Based on constraints that have been declared by the World Bank, the economic pemembangun considered successful if it meets the requirements set by the World Bank. These requirements is to include an increase in investment in education, which is marked by an increase in human resources, low levels of corruption in the government level, and the stability and political credibility.
    The requirements set forth by the World Bank had become a kind of reference for developing countries in conducting economic development, especially the recipient country of foreign aid such as Indonesia. However, the 1997 crisis, Indonesia's economic condition does not represent a single-kretria criteria established by the World Bank. This is happening in Indonesia instead of the monetary crisis marked by low quality of human resources, high levels of corruption in government agencies, and the conditions of political instability. Indonesia's economy economic decline until it reaches 0% in 1998.
    Indonesia's economic downturn was not addressed by President Soeharto to make improvements in economic policy, but rather with funding assistance from the development of international institutions, namely the International Monetary Fund (IMF). On 15 January 1998, President Suharto signed a 50 point Letter of Intent (LoI), witnessed by the Director of the IMF Asia, Michels Camdessus, as a requirement for the funding of foreign aid it.  
By referring to the restriction level of economic success of a nation that issued by the World Bank, it can be concluded that Indonesia's economy in 1997/1998 was doomed. In terms of investment and capital improvement, Indonesia experienced a sharp decline. Foreign investors pour capital move another kenegara karen lack of stability and political credibility in the country. Export-import figures dropped dramatically Indonesia because the business sector is not trusted by the Indonesian banking sector. The high level of corruption in economic sectors and levels of government and the emergence of bad debt cases which hit major banks in Indonesia resulted in the payment Letter of Credit (L / C) from the business sectors of Indonesia is not accepted abroad. Handling of the economic crisis in Indonesia in 1997/1998 to fight the emergence of multi-dimensional crisis, both political and social, as well as a crisis of public trust in government.

Social Crisis
    At the end of the New Order government, Indonesia has a high political turmoil, both at government level or at the level of movement of people and students. The temperature at the level of political elites increasingly heated causing a variety of potential social divisions insociety.
There are two kinds of aspirations in the community, support or prosecute Suharto fell from the chair to keprsidenan. Community groups who demanded President Soeharto stepped back from the government represented by the students. This group has a goal of reform of Indonesia. Different organizations at this point, including the unity of Indonesian Muslim Students Action (KAMMI) and the Forum City (Forkot). Although both the student organizations of different breathing struggle, but still have the same goal, namely reducing the Soeharto from the presidency, remove the dual function of ABRI, and make Indonesia an optimal reform.
Meanwhile, the horizontal social crisis in Indonesia also experienced a high point. Local living conditions very difficult, plus dngan high unemployment rate, causing a variety of social impact. Sisematis riots that occurred in several regions in Indonesia on 13-14 May 1998 is evidence of the existence of social friction.
The emergence of social unrest is horizontal and the implications of centralized economic policies that led to the welfare gap is so high between the central and local governments. Migration pattern applied by the government is not accompanied with the handling of social solidarity in the destination. In the end, social jealousy because of the level of economic disparity can not be the inevitable. This condition is then triggered tutntutan to the central government to reform the economic development pattern. This demands that Indonesia masyrakat raise awareness of the importance of reform for the life of the nation.
1.    Political Crisis
New Order government to apply the principles of Pancasila Democracy as negra Indonesia. With a democratic system based on the "from the people, by the people, and for the people" are represented by the MPR and DPR, the New Order government to build the basic foundation of life of Indonesian nation.
However, terdapt various deviations in the implementation of the democratic system. MPR and the House only to follow up the aspirations of some communities only. The process of political aspirations to the government not terdisribusi perfectly. Thus, the distribution of people's aspirations became blocked. All the rules in the form of the MPR / DPR, in principle berorientasijangka not long, but simply aims to meet the desires and interests of certain elements.

In addition, the culture of corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN) have deep roots in the body of government bureaucracy. Thus, the process of monitoring and providing leadership mandate of the Parliament and the Assembly by the president to be imperfect because of the CCN bond. The true legislative elements implemented by the Assembly and Parliament in making legal basis and policy of the State to be fully done by President Soeharto. As a result, the political succession of government becomes terlaksanakan not well. This condition triggers the status quo that resulted in the emergence of a political crisis, both in the level of the political elite and society began to question the New Order government legitmasi.

A. Chronology of the fall of the New Order government
Background of the Asian crisis and the high corruption in state government bodies
Triggers from the fall of the New Order government, among others, is due to the high CCN (Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism) at dala administration. In addition, membengkaknya foreign debt figures also one of the triggers of the fall of New Order. Indonesian government transition in this period of turmoil oeh covered. Actions and found widespread student demonstrations in the streets of cities in Indonesia, like Jakarta, Bandung, and Yokyakarta. Down to the street action has been started since February 1998.

The cause of the fall of the New Order government can be seen from 2 points of view, namely as the implications and the Asian financial crisis in 1997 and the high level of corruption in government bodies. From the perspective of the Asian financial crisis of 1997, Indonesia is a country that experienced the most severe impacts.

Domino effect of the economic fallout conditions directly impacting the lives of the people. The high price of goods and inflation was not inevitable. People become quite difficult to meet daily needs. In fact, people had to queue to get groceries at a low price because the sale price of the market standard is not affordable by the community. Seeing this kind of social life, many parties who want change. Student is one of the social groups most vocal people in the governance structure meyuarakan improvement at that time. Students also begin to develop a strategy to provide feedback to the weakness of government systems. Various demonstrations were held. Students then organize the reform agenda presented to the New Order government. The contents of this reform agenda, among others, focused on the following matters.
            1. Prosecute Suharto and his cronies.
2. Amending the 1945 Constitution.
3. Removing dual function of ABRI in the structure of state government.
4. Enforcement of the rule of law in Indonesia.
5. Establish a government clean of the elements of corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN).
    Declining prestige pemrintah New Order has been started since the signing of the agreement grants the IMF in mid-1997. Decrease Perjajnian IMF aid to Indonesia's first following the Asian financial crisis occurred in October 1997. These grants are intended by the IMF to enhance and restore the confidence of foreign investment in Indonesia. However, these grants actually contains two major weaknesses for Indonesia and this is recognized by the people at the right time. The first weakness lies in the weakness of the position of the fund. Providing funding assistance by the IMF derived here is luat domestic debt to be paid back by Indonesia and the to do, although with a low percentage. Community and students see this will impact on the growing foreign debt accumulated Indonesia.
The second weakness is Applied Structural Adjustment Program (Structural Adjustment Program) from the IMF that accompany these funds decline. Structural Adjustment Programs are IMF conditions for Indonesia in four main areas. First, the tightening of policy fisksal; second, elimination of subsidies; third, closing 16 banks in Indonesia and the fourth, ordered the central bank to raise the level of a nation. Impact does not materialize in the improvement of national economy significantly.
    Agreement with the IMF were both held back on January 15, 1998. The IMF stressed conditions for Indonesia is to cut the subsidies of the people and remove the monopoly practices. In addition, the IMF also requires the elimination of all forms of national business subsidies provided by the government. On the one hand, cutting government subsidies to the industry sector will have implications both for the allocation of state funds. However, on the other hand, subsidies for food and social costs must be cut IMF requirements are then brought Indonesia to the economic slump deeper.
Chronology of Suharto's resignation from the presidency
Responding to the economic conditions are getting worse, the student with the elements of society began to move down to the street demonstrations demanding a decrease price. Various actions on the degree students and elements of society began to emerge since February 1998, and reached its peak in May 1998. On May 12, 1998, various elements of the students held a peaceful rally demanding a decrease price in Jakarta. At the University of Trisakti, peaceful demonstrations took place. Situation peaceful demonstration on that day with a very orderly way. However, the situation heats up during the day and late in the afternoon. Students who want to do long march toward
Parliament is not allowed to go further by officers. They were in stopped not far from the door of Trisakti campus. The clashes were not the inevitable. In this clash in the incident, four students were killed and dozens seriously injured.
    All four students were Elang Mulya Lesmana is, Hafidhin Royan, Hendriawan Sie, and Heri Hartanto. They were then given the title as a hero of reform. Action shooting of four students contains a variety of strong reactions from the community and student elements in various areas. Previously, a student from Yokyakarta, named Moses Gatotkaca, was also killed in a clash with security forces while demanding the withdrawal action of President Soeharto. Gatotkaca Moses died on May 8, 1998.
    At 13 and May 14, 1998, riots broke out in Jakarta and other big cities. The tragedy of the riots 13 and May 14, 1998 This is the culmination of depression due to Indonesia's economic crisis. Social crisis and the community began to appear along with the existence of social friction.
The atmosphere is very tense Jakarta pascatragedi riots 13 and May 14, 1998 is continued until the degree of action massive demonstrations by students on May 19, 1998 date. In droves, yan students from different universities in Jakarta and other cities to do long march toward building the MPR / DPR. The aim is demanding President Suharto's fall, the Assembly held a special session, and the implementation of total reform in state government bodies. Besides in Jakarta, on the same day a similar action occurred in Yokyakarta. In this city, students with the elements of the community gathered in Yokyakarta town square. They want to hear the announcement from Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono and Sri Paku Alam on the condition that the State was tense.
On the same date, namely May 19, 1998, President Soeharto invited community leaders to come to the State Palace.
Agenda is to discuss the possibilities of handling the crisis. The characters are in the law amounted to 9 people. They are Nurcholish Madjid, Abdurrahman Wahid, Emha Ainun Nadjib, Ali Yafie, Malik Fadjar, Cholil Baidlowi, Sutrisno Muhdam, Ma'aruf Amin and Ahmad Bagdja. In addition, there also Yahsril Ihza Mahendra, Presidential Military Secretary Maj. Jasril Jakub, and aides Presiden.Di in this meeting, reached an agreement to form a body called the Committee for Reform. In this meeting, also agreed that President Suharto will perform Sixth Development Cabinet reshuffle, and change the name of the new cabinet to the Reform Cabinet. The task of the Cabinet is to complete the Reform Act Kepartaian, election law, Law and demographic composition of the MPR / DPR and DPRD, the Anti-Monopoly Law, the Anti-Corruption Law, and others.
On May 20, 1998, the atmosphere at the MPR / DPR has been crowded with students. Various elements of students from universities in Indonesia, gathered together. On the other hand, as public figures like Amien Rais and Emil Salim said that his disappointment to the decision of the President Soehrto. The reason is President Suharto asked for a six-month delivery time for the General Election mrlanggar constitutionally. However, it is not stated in his decision after the meeting finished. On the other hand, various groups of people, especially students, demanding fall of Suharto from the presidency. Emil Salim, the Gema Madani called for President Suharto stepped down, his intention to carry out keprabon (down from the throne of power) at that time (May 20, 1998). Amien Rais also in the same position. He wanted the reforms implemented as soon as possible.
Student strengths and menguad more solid at the MPR / DPR. Students also carry out actions to commemorate National Awakening Day at the building yard MPR / DPR. Action dated May 20, 1998 was attended by various community leaders. At 11:30, Amien Rais came to building the MPR / DPR. Was also attended by community leaders, such as Noer, Emil Salim, Erna Witoelar. In fact, the contributions such as rice packets and drinking water from various circles to students who were demonstrating at the MPR / DPR continues to arrive. This is a symbol of that struggle the students at that time morally successfully brought solidarity among the people. On this same date (May 20, 1998), Minister of State, Madeleine Albright, significantly statement asking President Suharto to resign immediately. He said that the resignation of President should Soharto already done to make way for democratic transition in Indonesia. He is enforcing that this opportunity is a momentum for President Suharto to carve its historical step as a statesman.
At 14:30, some 14 Ministers who are under the coordination Menku Economy, Ginanjar Kartasasmita, expressed his refusal to be nominated again in the Cabinet collectively Reformasi.Mahasiswa still doing the action at the MPR / DPR. At 16:14, there was a meeting between representatives of the student with the leadership of the MPR / DPR building on the 3rd floor of the old MPR / DPR. At this meeting, students gave Suharto's resignation deadline until the day Friday, May 22, 1998. If no further certainty, then on Monday, May 25, 1998 the House leadership will mempersidangkan Special Session of the Assembly.
If the building MPR / DPR reached its peak on May 21, 1998. At 09.06 pm, Suharto announced his resignation from the position of President of the Republic of Indonesia. Located in the Credentials Room, State Palace, Jakarta, witnessed by the Chief Justice, Suharto as president ended jabtannya has carried for 32 years. Manuscript resignation statement titled Stop For President, written by Yusril Ihza Mahendra. After Suharto's resignation, the Supreme Court directly Walil inaugurated President Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie as Indonesia's new president. This is in accordance with the mandate in Article 30 UUD 1945, which reads "If the President dies, stops, dismissed, or is unable to perform his duty in the mass of office, he dig anti by the vice president until the end of his term of office". Momentun fall of Suharto on May 21, 1998 is ending the New Order government has been running for 32 years in Indonesia
C. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AFTER 21 MEI 1998
Main Agenda Agenda-B.J Habibie
Falling president Soeharto from the presidency on May 21, 1998 to the early application of the reform era in Indonesia. Rising to Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie replaced Soeharto's presidency is the initial momentum of the development of political, economic, social and post-May 21, 1998. With a legacy of economic conditions, political, social and profanity, Habibie faced with demands to create a new Indonesia that is free from corruption and realize the spirit of reform. M.C. Ricklefs (an Australian historian) to see that there are five areas of major konsiderasi government of President Habibie, the future of reform, the future of the Armed Forces, future areas who want to break away from Indonesia, the future of Soeharto and his family and his cronies, and the future of the economy and the welfare of the people of Indonesia.
On the other hand, some legal experts and the students see that the appointment of BJ Habibie as president of the Republic of Indonesia is not unconstitutional. This is based on Article 9 UUD 1945, which reads, "Before taking office, the President and Vice President swears by the People's Consultative Assembly or House of Representatives". In fact, the leadership transition from Suharto to BJ Habibie on May 21, 1998 was not done in front of the MPR / DPR, but only in front of the chief justice, and the only place in the State Palace. Impact, this leads to divisions among the students perception of some communities.
Next, dated May 22, 1998, President B.J. Habibie's new cabinet was formed, among others, lies in the economic recovery of Indonesia's devastated ajkibat of the crisis in Asia. The 16-member cabinet minister of economic reform focuses on five main work areas, including the following.
1. Conduct banking recapitulation process.
2. Implementing liquidation of banks bermaslah.
3. Improving the exchange rate of rupiah against the U.S. dollar to reach 10,000.00 points behind.
4. Building a new construction of the Indonesian economy.
5. Implement the requirements of economic reform provided by the IMF to Indonesia.
At first glance, seems to programs aimed at economic recovery to fully restore the people's welfare. But little underlying that economic policies are just a part of Structural Adjustment Program (Structural Adjustment Program) who planned the IMF for Indonesia. In the end, economic reform decisions they made was not in accordance with what is needed by the people of Indonesia. Cutting subsidies for small businesses and social welfare subsidies that are needed by the community in times of crisis it is not realized.Agenda-Agenda Utama B.J Habibie
Falling president Soeharto from the presidency on May 21, 1998 to the early application of the reform era in Indonesia. Rising to Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie replaced Soeharto's presidency is the initial momentum of the development of political, economic, social and post-May 21, 1998. With a legacy of economic conditions, political, social and profanity, Habibie faced with demands to create a new Indonesia that is free from corruption and realize the spirit of reform.
M.C. Ricklefs (an Australian historian) to see that there are five areas of major konsiderasi government of President Habibie, the future of reform, the future of the Armed Forces, future areas who want to break away from Indonesia, the future of Soeharto and his family and his cronies, and the future of the economy and the welfare of the people of Indonesia.
On the other hand, some legal experts and the students see that the appointment of BJ Habibie as president of the Republic of Indonesia is not unconstitutional. This is based on Article 9 UUD 1945, which reads, "Before taking office, the President and Vice President swears by the People's Consultative Assembly or House of Representatives". In fact, the leadership transition from Suharto to BJ Habibie on May 21, 1998 was not done in front of the MPR / DPR, but only in front of the chief justice, and the only place in the State Palace. Impact, this leads to divisions among the students perception of some communities.
Next, dated May 22, 1998, President B.J. Habibie's new cabinet was formed, among others, lies in the economic recovery of Indonesia's devastated ajkibat of the crisis in Asia. The 16-member cabinet minister of economic reform focuses on five main work areas, including the following.
1. Conduct banking recapitulation process.
2. Implementing liquidation of banks bermaslah.
3. Improving the exchange rate of rupiah against the U.S. dollar to reach       10,000.00 points behind.
4. Building a new construction of the Indonesian economy.
5. Implement the requirements of economic reform provided by the IMF to Indonesia.
At first glance, seems to programs aimed at economic recovery to fully restore the people's welfare. But little underlying that economic policies are just a part of Structural Adjustment Program (Structural Adjustment Program) who planned the IMF for Indonesia. In the end, economic reform decisions they made was not in accordance with what is needed by the people of Indonesia. Cutting subsidies for small businesses and social welfare subsidies that are needed by the community in times of crisis it is not realized.
Falling president Soeharto from the presidency on May 21, 1998 to the early application of the reform era in Indonesia. Rising to Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie replaced Soeharto's presidency is the initial momentum of the development of political, economic, social and post-May 21, 1998. With a legacy of economic conditions, political, social and profanity, Habibie faced with demands to create a new Indonesia that is free from corruption and realize the spirit of reform.
M.C. Ricklefs (an Australian historian) to see that there are five areas of major konsiderasi government of President Habibie, the future of reform, the future of the Armed Forces, future areas who want to break away from Indonesia, the future of Soeharto and his family and his cronies, and the future of the economy and the welfare of the people of Indonesia.
At first glance, seems to programs aimed at economic recovery to fully restore the people's welfare. But little underlying that economic policies are just a part of Structural Adjustment Program (Structural Adjustment Program) who planned the IMF for Indonesia. In the end, economic reform decisions they made was not in accordance with what is needed by the people of Indonesia. Cutting subsidies for small businesses and social welfare subsidies that are needed by the community in times of crisis it is not realized.

    Granting amnesty and the emergence of Thinking Freedom
President Habibie Pemerintaha focus on return on socio-political conditions in the community to normal conditions. During his reign, freedom of the press temptnya returned to the original. In fact, the political prisoners of the New Order which was thrown into jail on charges of subversive, like Mochtar Pakpahan and Sri Bintang Pamungkas was granted amnesty and dibebskan during the reign of President Habibie. Amnesty exemption Sri Bintang Pamungkas and Mochtar Pakpahan is Presidential Decree No. dididlam done. 80 of 1998. Kebebsan gather and express their opinions back up. This can be seen from the emergence of political parties from various groups and ideologies. President Habibie had planned to hold the event elections are truly free and fair. The implementation is then seen in 1999, with the general election involving 48 political parties in it.
In addition, President Habibie also issued a policy to create a Joint Fact Finding Team (TGPF). The task of this team is looking for anything related to the May 13-14, 1998 riots in Jakarta. TGPF chaired by Marzuki Darusman, who was then serving as chairman of the National Human Rights Commission. TGPF, among other institutions charge, such as the Department of Foreign Affairs (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), Legal Aid Institute (LBH), the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM), Attorney General, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), the Armed Forces, and Police. Furthermore, TGPF carry out its duty to investigate the riots pristiwa around May 13-14, 1998 in chronological order. Military officials were, among others, Major General Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, Major General Sutiyoso, Maj. Gen. (Pol.) hamami Nata, Maj. Gen. Zacky Anwar Makarim, Lt. Gen. (ret.) Prabowo Subianto, Major General Suharto (Commander of the Marine Corps), and some relevant officials in the environment Polda Metro Jaya. Ballistic test results suggest that the bullet was fired from a gun barrel length Styer brand. However, political and legal developments surrounding the disclosure of the facts surrounding the shooting tragedy of four students from Trisakti very slow, which continues to this day.
Other agenda inaugurated by President Habibie concerning freedom of association and expression in public. In the 1945 Constitution, this right is explicitly stated in article 28. Even so, the New Order era, the security forces have the right to dismiss any activity relating to the rights to assemble and express these opinions. Seeing this, President Habibie mengelurkan one policy, as stipulated in Law No. 9 of 1998 which contains about Freedom to Express Opinions in Public. The procedure was demonstrated expressed in the Act. Submitting the form of public opinion in advance of this form of protest or demonstration, parades, rallies, and free speech forum. This provision stated in Article 9 (2) of Law No. 9 Year 1998. Thus, the president Habibie also revoked Law No. Action eradication 11/PNPS/1963 about Subversion by issuing Law No. 26 of 1999.
Problems dual function of ABRI
1.        The emergence of dual function of ABRI is a concept originally proposed by General AH Nasution on November 11, 1958. In his speech entitled "Middle Way", General Nasution said that the army is also a socio-political forces at play in social activities. The rise of Suharto as a caretaker government of Indonesia since 1966 with this doctrine as the basis for strengthening the foundation and institutions of his presidency. Military position in the reform era did not get a good enough place in the hearts of the people. Pristiwa Trisakti shooting of four students on May 12, 1998 sparked public antipathy to the military existence at that time. The demand to remove the dual function of ABRI became a major issue in the reform agenda. President Habibie respond to this by implementing a policy.
2.    Policy implemented by President Habibie, among others, is to separate the police from the body of the Republic of Indonesia Indonesian Armed Forces (ABRI). This policy began diterpkan dated May 5, 1999. The technical is to put the Army, Navy, and Air Force, under the umbrella of the Armed Forces. Meanwhile, National Police of Indonesia has their own autonomy, with the name of the Republic of Indonesia National Police. ABRI changed its name to the Indonesian National Army (TNI). DWI Pembanahan function within the Armed Forces conducted by government bodies to reduce the presence of the armed forces in the House. This reduction is set only 38 seats from the Armed Forces, there are 75 seats previously. Thus, the implementation of the doctrine of dual function of ABRI in the government body can be gradually eliminated.
3.    Reform Law and Legislation
4.    The government of President Habibie also made reforms in the legal field of legislation. In the MPR Special Session of 10-13 November 1998, there were large-scale reform of the legal system and the legislation. The focus of the legal sector reform and this legislation refers to the 12 provisions divided into three major parts, namely:
5.    • The provision of six new MPR decrees, among others as follows.
6.    1. Tap. MPR No. X/MPR/1998, which contains the main points of reform development pelksanaan Indonesia, as the basic framework for the rescue and noormalisasi national life as the prow of Indonesia
7.    2. Tap. MPR No. XI/MPR/1998, which contains menenai governance implementation and the clean state of the elements of corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN).
8.    3. Tap. MPR No. XIII/MPR/1998. Which contains restrictions on the duties of president and vice president of the Republic Indonesia.
9.    4. Tap. MPR No. XV/MPR/1998, which contains the implementation process of Regional Autonomy.
10.    5. Tap. MPR No. XVI/MPR/1998, which contains the nation's economic political life in order to perpetuate the concept of economic democracy.
11.    6. Tap. MPR No. XVII/MPR/1998, which contains about enforcement of Human Rights (Human Rights).
12.    • The provision of two provisions that change and add to the old provisions.
13.    1. Tap. MPR No. VII/MPR/1998, which contains about changes and additions to the Tap. MPR No. I/MPR/1983 the membahs about grammar rules terib People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia.
14.    2. Tap. MPR No. XIV/MPR/1998. This ordinance change and add to Tap. MPR No. III/MPR/1998 that discuss about the implementation of the General Election.
15.    • The part contains four provisions are revoked the decrees of the previous Assembly, is as follows.
16.    1. Tap. MPR No. III/V/MPR/1998. This ordinance and concerns related to TAP. MPR No. IV/MPR/1983 the membahs about the referendum.
17.    2. Tap. MPR No. IX/MPR/1998. This provision drew Tap. No II/MPR/1998 who discussed the Outline of State Policy (the Guidelines).
18. Tap. MPR No. XII/MPR/1998. This provision drew Tap. MPR No. Membahas about V/MPR/1998 the tasks and giving the president special powers as the Assembly mandate to secure the success and national development as a form of pengamaln Pancasila.
19. Tap. MPR No. XVIII/MPR/1998. This provision drew Tap. MPR No. Containing about XI/MPR/1978 guidelines pengmalan reception and Pancasila (P $ or Ekaprasetia Pancakarsa). In addition, this ordinance also establishes the Pancasila as the basis of the Republic of Indonesia.
The legal sector and the eradication of this legislation and bring socio-political life of Indonesia becomes more open. Guarantee the implementation of Human Rights in Indonesia became the early momentum for the opening of cases of human rights violations in Indonesia who have not completed until then. That addition, the emergence of political parties is inevitable as the determination of policy regarding elections. New era of legal reform and legislation during the reign of President Habibie became a kind of breaking the ice in the Indonesian legal system during the New Order.
Election 1999
         New Order reign for 32 years does not provide enough fresh air for the democratic life of the nation. During that period, the electoral process is dominated by the victory of the Functional Groups (Golkar). Government B.J. Habibie, who served as the era of reform had to carve a great history, which is holding public pemelihan include almost the entire class ideology. Some 48 political parties in berparisipasi in this grand event.
Earlier, President Habibie's government to prepare all the legal tools and legislation to support the democratic event. President Habibie cut legislation that talks about the general election, structure, composition, duties, serata authority of the MPR / DPR. This Act is used during the rule of New ORSE progress. The Act, among others, as follows.
1. Law No. 1, 1985, which regulates the general election.
2. Law No. 2, 1985, which regulates the structure, composition, tasks, and the authority of the institution MPR / DPR.
3. Law No. 3 In 1985, the governing party system Indonesia. In this Act, determined that the socio-political organizations are allowed to participate in elections is the PPP, PDI and Golkar.
4. Law No. 4 Year 1985, which contains the anti-subversive settings.
5. Law No. 5 Year 1985, which contains about the existence of mass organizations in Indonesia.
Instead, ditetapkanlah 3 political legislation that was signed on a new 1 February 1999. Contents concerning the laws on political parties, electoral processes, as well as the composition and position (susduk) MPR, DPR and DPRD. After that the president establish the General Elections Commission (KPU), which consists of representatives anggota0anggotanya parties and government representatives.
Impact, the life of democracy in Indonesia began to appear. Various socio-political groups willing to participate in the election. However, under the law has already passed in the 1 February 1999, only 48 political parties that qualify for the General Election diputaran drove from the 112 registered political parties. Berugas committee to filter the political parties called the committee's 11. Earlier, in the Special Session of the Assembly which was held in November 1998,
    MPR has revolutionized various state policies concerning various things in social life, including on the general election.
System settings set in the 1999 elections in Law No.. 3 of 1999. In these regulations, determined that the election rules is a mixture of proportional system and distik system. Ummtingkat national election finally held on June 7, 1999, there are 5 major parties were the highest, ie the PDI-P, Golkar, PKB, PPP, and PAN. Election 1999 event this is a breath of fresh air for the political life of the nation. Legitimate multiparty system run into the container accommodation voices of the people who have the ideology and aspirations of the diverse. The success of the previous election in 1999 can be seen from the top ten political parties, which are as follows.
Results of votes each political party reflects the number of seats they are entitled in the MPR / DPR. Obtaining the number of votes the party as a whole is also used to calculate the distribution of representatives from groups as well as delegates from regional representatives. After all that is done is calculated, the Assembly also held a General Session to determine the next president of Indonesia Republk.

D. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS POST-REFORM SOCIETY
       In the case of reform issues as a result of multidimensional crisis ari 1997 Asian financial crisis, Indonesia showed a very slow results than in other Asian countries. Various problems in society and the state becomes very complex as the denan kejatuhanekonomi. The high level of intensity of internal political conflict in the country to make handlers concentration of economic and social problems become optmal. Iu addition, the drive to implement the IMF Structural Adjustment Program (structural adjustment program) in Indonesia does not increase the economic burden light. The reason is that the policy packages offered by the IMF is not suitable sengan actually needed by the people of Indonesia. These policies only see one point of view only, that is the point of view of economic resilience. Social resilience due to the implementation of the IMF kebjakan only refers to the economic resilience is not so noted. The premise of the IMF who see that an increase in the economic resilience of a country will directly impact on improving social security, and unbroken in the case of Indonesia does not show improved results.
       If observed, the worsening social and economic conditions pascareformasi one of Indonesia can be seen from the point policy for the elimination of subsidies offered by the IMF. The policy does not allow the government provide any subsidy support domestic economic sectors.
Protectionism of the domestic economic sector was forbidden. The IMF view that the nation's economy improvement will be more effective when delivered in the power of the market economy. However, on the one hand, the economic crisis that hit Indonesia resulted in the decreasing purchasing power. While on the other hand, the government may not provide a significant subsidy to enhance the community's economy, whether in the form of business subsidies and protectionism to the local economy.
       Meningkaynya social problems became inevitable from the economic crisis. Increasing unemployment, slowing economic growth, and further heightened the color kriminilitas jackfruit of the multidimensional crisis faced by Indonesia pascareformasi. The decline in foreign investment in Indonesia is also one of the causes of this slowdown of economic performance. However, the reform agenda put forward the economic reform remains a major focus of government in Indonesia setoap. Embodiment of jobs to be something concrete to address the multidimensional crisis.
        Black history in Indonesia in May 1998, when there krusuhan sitematis in various regions of Indonesia has made the government realize that economic recovery should be the main priority. Peroyek improvement of economic and social conditions which the government launched the reform era, among others, focus on the things as follows.
1. Increasing employment as optimal as possible. The method is to diharafkan government to promote investment as a potential opening of new jobs.
2. Providing goods basic needs of society. The goal is to facilitate people in getting access to basic needs at an affordable price.
3. Optimization of public facilities for the community. The goal is to provide easy access for the public to the fulfillment of basic needs, and public transportation at an affordable price.
4. Optimize the education sector, which aims to provide easy access for people to get a decent education.
5. Makes it easy for people to access health care. The trick is to provide the treatment, doctors, and drugs at an affordable price.
Evaluation
A. Choose one of the most appropriate answer
 
1. The economic crisis in Indonesia in the beginning
with the. . . .
a. Foreign debt
b. The fall in the rupiah
c. Widespread demonstrations
d. Rising prices
e. Kurannya trust
government
2. President Soeharto signed
Letter of intent with the IMF on
date. . . .
a. January 15, 1998
b. January 20, 1998
c. February 15, 1998
d. March 15, 1998
e. February 20, 1998
3. Below are the requirements
improving economy is determined by the Bank
   World. . . .
a. Increased investment
education and low levels of corruption
b. The existence of political stability and
increase in foreign investment
c. Peningatan technology and
low levels of corruption
d. Increasing the value of exports and
increase in education investment
e. The existence of stability and
political credibility and increase the export value
4. Unrest in the community on mounting. . . .
a. May 13-14, 1998
b. 12-13 May 1998
c. 14-15 May 1998
d. 27-28 May 1998
e. 26-27 May 1998
5. One of the conditions the IMF to Indonesia in the Structural Adjustment Programe is. . .
a. Increased education investment
b. Increased exports
c. Closing the 16 banks in Indonesia
d. Enforcing the law in Indonesia
e. Removing dual function of ABRI
6. On 12 May 1998, the students held a massive demonstasi. Which is not expressed demands are. . .
a. Price decline
b. Foreign debt
c. The fall of Suharto
d. Enforcement of the rule of law
e. Removing monopolies
7. Body established by President Soeharto and 9 community leaders on May 19, 1998 called. . .
a. Revolutionary Committee
b. State Rescue Committee
c. Reform Committee
d. Council Reform
e. Committee on Economic recovery
8. Two figures
expressed dissatisfaction with Suharto's decision about the resufle cabinet. . .
a. Nurcholid majid and Alie
Yafie
b. Ahmad Bagja and Yusril Ihza
c. Emil Salim and Amin Rais
d. Amin Rais and Alie Yafie
e. Emil Salim and Emha Ainun
Najib
9. Students who died in
clashes while demanding the withdrawal action of President Soeharto in Yogyakarta is. . .
a. Elang Mulya Lesmana
b. Hafidhin Royan
c. Moses Ghatotkacha
d. Hendriawan Sie
e. Yun Hap
10. The term is used to decrease
Soeharto from the presidency. . .
a. Stepped down to the Palace
b. The prime minister Prabon
c. The prime minister Kulon
d. The prime minister Ndalem
e. The prime minister Pesaren
11. Title resignation speech
President Soeharto go round. . .
a. Stop statement as
President RI
b. Position Berhebti from President
RI
c. Government Succession
d. Reform Agenda
e. Implementation Agenda
Reform
12. Authored the resignation speech
13. themselves from the president Soeharto was. . .
a. Majid Rasheed
b. Emha Ainun Majid
c. Yusril Ihza Mahendra
d. Wimar Witoelar
e. Prawiro
14. Suharto announces resignation
himself from the position of President of the Republic of Indonesia date. . .
a. May 13, 1998
b. May 14, 1998
c. May 20, 1998
d. May 21, 1998
e. May 22, 1998
15. Assembly Special Session held on. . .
a. 1-10 October 1999
b. 5-20 October 1999
c. 10-15 October 1999
d. 2-21 October 1999
e. 1-21 October 1999
16. Five main working field cabinet
development reform one of them is. . .
a. Fixing the exchange rate
b. Amending the Constitution
c. Prosecute Suharto
d. Pemberantasan KKN
e. Removing dual function of ABRI
17. Government policies that regulate
the system is the 1999 elections. . .
a. Law No. 1 of 1999
b. Law No. 2 of 1999
c. Law No. 3 of 1999
d. Law No. 4 of 1999
e. Law No. 5 of 1999
18. Election that included
48 political parties in the year 1999 in the title on the date ..
a. June 5, 1999
b. June 6, 1999
c. June 7, 1999
d. June 8, 1999
e. June 9, 1999
19. Separation from the Armed Forces Police in
starting from the date. . .
a. May 12, 1999
b. May 13, 1999
c. May 15, 1999
d. May 20, 1999
e. May 3, 1999
20. The task of the Joint Team Search
Fact is. . .
a. Looking for facts about dilantiknya
Habibie
b. Finding the riots pristiwa
July 27
c. Looking for facts about the decline
Suharto
d. Finding about things that
related to the riots May 13-14, 1998
e. Looking for facts about the event
Clover
21. General election year
1999 is set in the Act. .
a. No. 3 / 1999
b. No. 11/1999
c. No. 3 / 1998
d. No. 4 / 1999
e. No. 5 / 1999

B. Answer the following questions correctly!
1. What caused the emergence of reform in Indonesia? Explain!
2. Describe the chronological firing Trisakti students on May 12, 1998!
3. Describe the products and legal reform legislation that is in BJ Habibie!
4. Describe the relationship between the political crisis, economic, social with the fall of the New Order government!
5. Describe the controversy surrounding the debate on the appointment of BJ Habibie as President of the Republic of Indonesia!
6. Description of the socioeconomic conditions of Indonesian society post-reform!
7. Mention those who were given amnesty in the post-reform? Why?
8. Describe the main agenda B.J. Habibie!
9. Who led the Armed Forces dual function concept and why? Explain!
10. Describe the implementation of the 1999 election and how the results?

Chapter 7 (IPS) Nasionalisme and Dekolonisasi in Asia and Afrika

A. Nasionalisme and Dekolonisasi in Asia and Afrika

        Post-World War II, the spirit of self-determination of colonized countries are dominating the countries of Asia and Africa such as India, Philippines, Turkey, and Egypt. spirit to self-determination was also transmitted to the decolonization Indonesia.  asia countries and Africa became the dominant phenomenon at the end of world war II and political. conditions Indonesian economy underwent significant changes.
        The collapse of colonial rule in Asia and Africa region was the beginning of the change in political structure global. amount countries become more developed in many.
post World War II the number of countries has reached 51 countries, and now has reached 192 this country. Process triggered decolonization by the nationalist movements that developed in each country in Asia and afrika.recorded such as the Young Turks movement, Movement Philippine nationalism, the Chinese Nationalist Movement, Indian Nationalism Movement, and other similar movements that emerged in countries such as Egypt, Libya, South Africa, and others.
         The emergence of national movements in each country has a different cause- different. In china, national movement emerged in 1911, and led by Dr.Sun Yat Sen. movement nationalism in China, among others, based on two matter. First, the emergence of Chinese youth groups who get an west education.  China wants a format developed countries, modern, and prevail in the modern world of sensible internasional. Movement  led by Dr.Sun Yat Sen was later brought to the proclamation of independence china 1910.  Events on October 10 came to be known by Wuchang a Day or The Double Ten Day. second, the dominance of government in mainland cina. Momination Manchuria became encouragement for the people of China to make China the resistance and establish an independent and autonomous.
         The movement of nationalism in China can be said always of attraction to group communist. After  Dr.Sun Yat Sen's death, Chinese nationalist movement succeeded by Chiang Kai Shek. feud with communism groups continued until the rise of Mao Zedong as leader Chiang eventually cina. Although  Kai-shek moved to Taiwan, Chinese nationalism embryo movement pioneered by Dr.Sun Yat Sen has managed to rid the nation of Manchuria from China land. Due that arise from the existence of this movement Chinese nationalism is strengthening the internal condition of Chinese people in fighting forces because it foreign. By a process of decolonization after World War II, China has established itself as a country that does not happen strong. although decolonization in China , but the process of political and social transformation in China shows to the outside world that China is countries with a level of nationalism is very large.
          Other nationalist movements also occurred in the national Filipina.Movement emergence dates back to the philippines league, led by Jose Rizal in philippines 1892. league
 formed to fight the Spanish colonial domination in filipina. On 30 December 1896, Jose Rizal was arrested and sentenced to death by the Spanish government for allegedly masterminding Katipunan. But, nationalist movement that he woke up alive and continued by Emilio Aguinaldo. Struggle nationalism progress  forwarded by Aguinaldo in 1898. when occurred between Spanish and American, Aguinaldo build alliances with the United States with the aim of attacking Spain. later, he proclaimed the establishment of an independent philippines 1898.on June 12 spanish finally gave up and philippines gave to the United States. after know that the United States is also intended to control the philippines, Aguinaldo immediately conduct a guerrilla war against the United States for 4 years until he was arrested in 1898 . decolonization in the philippines the United States took place on 4 July 1946.amerika union handed sovereignty to the philippines and raised Royas Y. Manuel Acuna as the first president of the philippines.
        In Afrika, the Egyptian nationalist movement begins with the emergence of Ahmed Orabi rebellion in 1881, is to establish 1882.that aim Egyptian nationalism was independent. Movement followed by Mohammad Naguib on 13 July 1952, with the aim away from the British colonialists on the Egypt colonial administration. coup English was successfully achieved on 13 July occurs. Goverment politics 1952. Transformation previously shaped by the Egyptian empire was transformed into an authoritarian Naguib republic. leadership not last long because of the emergence of Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt intends to free people from political dictatorship next Naguib.tranformasi happen. Nasser also rose to the presidency in 1952 Egypt through the electoral process umum.akan However, many historical sources also claimed that Nasser's ban on dictator. for example behave Islamic movement Al-Ikhwanu AI-Muslimin (Muslim Brotherhood) in Egypt that is realized with figures put the movement into prison without due process court. But, appearance Nasser as the leader of Egypt can be said as a symbol of the success of the decolonization process in Africa which is based on local nationalism.
          In Libya, nationalism movement spearheaded by King Idris El-Sanusi. He began leading the Libyan people's struggle against colonial domination in 1916. Success
 Italy nasionaalisme movement led by him was reached in Libya declaring 1949.He pioneered as an independent nation with a set of Tripoli as a mother Country. Event city that happens along with the defeat of Italy in World War II EI Idris Sanusi also play a role in unite Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica 1949. Although  years out of a military coup led by Muammar Khadafi in 1969, Idris has successfully led Libyan nationalist struggle.
         In India, nationalist movements arose due to the increased number of educated people . Nationalism movement in India led by Mahatma Gandhi. Education he got in London made him familiar with western concepts of nationalism, democracy, liberalism, and its top independence. Comprehension concepts mentioned that made lead India in the fight against colonialism Inggris. Struggle Mahatma Gandhi based on 4 major concepts, namely as follows.
a.Ahimsa, this movement put its anti-violence
b.Satyagaraha, this movement to educate the people of India for not cooperating in all forms of matters relating to the colonial British colonial rule.
c.Hartal, this movement emphasizes the strike action by the working people of India.
d.Swadesi, this movement of priority actions and refusal boycott all products made in England, especially textiles.
         Gandhi's nationalist movement was also taking place alongside some of India's plan to unite India.Figure independence plan figures include Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Banerji, and it Tikal. Plan realized by forming a congressional 1885. Congress
India in India pioneered by an Englishman who was passionate about India, AIIan O'Home. although in the end Muhammad Ali Jinnah out of congress and founded the Moslem League, the Indian Congress steps eventually led results. Independence India was proclaimed on August 15 1947. While, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and then migrate to Pakistan and lead the nationalist movement there and establish the state of Pakistan.
In Burma (Myanmar), decolonization  processes take place in order to escape from the colony of British colonial. Goverment colonize Burma since 1886 to 1942.British colonization in Burma with a role in increasing people's sense of nationalism in Burma against the colonial rule of the people ini. Increased nationalism triggered Burma by emigration from the British colonial government of the city of Mandalay to Rangoon in the city of Rangoon 1886. City used English as a subsection of the British rule in India.
        As a result, many Indians who migrate to the other side birma.In , under British colonial rule, Burma became one of the largest rice exporting country in world. Amount exports reached 2 million metric tons in 1900, and climbed up to number 3 million metric tons in Burma 1939.hal makes sosial.penyebabnya disintegration problem is that the economic system is not controlled by the people of Burma, but by the colonial administration began to British. Nationalism movement come one is the movement called the Young Men's Buddhist Association Buddhist Youth . embodiment of action is to conduct demonstrations and strikes, and increased public participation in politics and government of the country's formation British. matter made to launch a total reform in Birma. They also agitate about the importance of separation from India and the establishment of independent Burma.
 The emergence of nationalist movements of Burma's people not only in the but also rural. In rural areas, appear rebellion against British colonial rule called My San Rebellion in 1930 to this 1932.Movement get strong support from the people of Burma, although not soon be eradicated up by the British colonial.However, the seeds of Burma's independence drive options are also typically emerging. The movers are activists of the student or the so-called Thakin. Thakin prominent one is U Aung San. He is a former soldier who educated by the Japanese and later formed the Burma Independence Army (BIA), or BIA Birma. Altough liberation army helped Japan to invade Burma during World War II, this movement later became a pioneer in the Japanese colonial rid of the decolonization process birma. on
 Japanese from Burma, BIA changed its name to the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL).'s independence was proclaimed in Burma and January 4 is the first 1948. President Sao Shwe Thaik, with the prime minister Thakin Nu.
          Political transformation in asia and Africa region post-World War II has a tendency to form schools of socialism dominate. India, Burma, Indonesia and even though, having elements of socialism is very thick in the movement nationalism. In India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru government which took place in the early days of independence is very nuanced sosialis.demikian india also in Burma, the elements of communism played besar.mayoritas enough seats occupied by Burma's government of the people-. communism on socialism thought Indonesia, schools of communism developed by the establishment of the Indonesian Communist Party during the national movement, but subsided
during the communist occupation Japan. Movement reappeared after World War II when the communist rebellion in Madiun in 1948.

B. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INDONESIA POST-WORLD WAR II
         As one of the newly independent country, Indonesia faces the internal conditions very destroyed. Economy damage and infrastructure of public facilities due to war and people's economy be run optimal.Presiden Sukarno began to arrange the issue of international pemerintah.diplomasi policies were pursued to obtain support and economic support from various countries are not world economic. Support shaped external debt relief, but the shape of another country's willingness to be a trading partner for Indonesia.
        Economic conditions and international politics is getting better encourage Indonesia to improve the economic case internal.dalam strength, strengthening 3 is on hal. First the formation of the State Bank of Indonesia on 5 July 1946. IBRD appearance in the United States as European economies showed backing for the international community that the banking sector is very important in structuring a Country. In Indonesia's economy, government policy underlying the establishment of Bank Negara Indonesia is a substitute for government regulation of Law No. 2 years 1946. Second, the government is also implementing the enactment of local currency known as the Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI). The underlying policy is the law No. 17 years 1946. Thrid, the government implement the law No.24 of 1951 on the nationalization de Javasche banks to Bank Indonesia (BI). Function is as central bank and the bank circulation.
          In 1950, the IBRD along with the United States, Australia, UK, and New Zealand initiated a consensus called plan.colombo palan Colombo established in Sri Lanka the official. Name the Colombo Plan Colombo Plan for cooperative economic and social deveploment in asia and the plan were adopted pasific.colombo actively 1951. Purpose of the Colombo Plan is to improve the welfare and the degree of social and economic life in developing countries just independent. Colombo Plan program implemented in a way to give development assistance, whether in the form of funds , as well as assistance in training technical. All Colombo Plan is the donor of the developed countries (developed country) of developing countries (developing country) and the poor countries (underdeveloped contry)
          Changes in the constellation of international political economy was to give immediate effect to indonesia.pada 30 May 1985, the United States, on behalf of the Colombo Plan provides grants of U.S. $ 6,300,000.00 to Indonesia. Funds
 provided assistance in particular to develop electricity networks in the city cities in Indonesia by using diesel. previous the United States also had to give economic assistance to the 5 January 1952 in an agreement called the Mutual Security in Act. agreement  signed by H. Merle Cochran and Indonesia's foreign minister, Mr Ahmad Subardjo, set assistance of U.S. $ 8,000,000.00 to Indonesia to help indonesia. Government of American funds have actually violated the principle of foreign policy-free Indonesia active however, such assistance has demonstrated the existence of some form of American dominance in the economic constellation and international politics at that time.
         There are two things to be underlined in this connection in terms of the relationship between economic development and international politics and developments in Indonesia. First, the position of the United States started strong and dominated enough in the economic order is manifested in global.Matter monetary and financial agencies such as IBRD . The second, the position of President Sukarno's Indonesia is a very anti everything that comes from either the western ideology, economic, and socio-culture. This mater about implications for Indonesia's position on the agendas of international economic endorsed by the united state political. Principe Indonesia is a foreign policy-free active .Principe states that Indonesia is in a neutral position in the ideological struggle between the United States and soviet union. concept were developed by Muhammad Hatta in 1948 and contained in a famous speech entitled "Rainforests of the Two Reef ". idea in a speech that became the basic foreign policy of free Indonesia-active.
         In foreign policy concept of free-active means not siding with one political pole is based tertentu.hal that at the time, began to occur of attraction power between the United States with soviet union. "active", meaning continue to participate in the create order and peace abroad world. politic Indonesia is very influential in the end of World War II, or in the early days of this administration RI.hal because Indonesia is in a position to seek support internasional in fight Indonesia. Status  changes of de jure foreign policy toward Indonesia goes hand in hand with the demand to fight for Indonesia's position internationally as a sovereign state.
           In the context of domestic politics, the political changes the most significant is the formation of the device kepresidenan.badan countries and institutions who actively formulate political policies, at that time was the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP). The establishment of policies that the political changes in Indonesia country began to happen.
           Conditions of democratization that swept the various nations of the world at the end of World War II also resulted in the development of democratic life indonesia.Wakil President Mohammad Hatta, addressing the changes by issuing edicts X 3 november 1945.isinya date regarding the establishment of political parties in the Indonesian political. configures the country began to change with the emergence of various result parties politic, Indonesia managed to hold the first general election in September1955.
         Slowly, the position of Indonesia in the international world in the aftermath of World War II with the opening of more improved. begins Dutch sea blockade that involves many countries including the United States, Indonesia's foreign relations more powerfull. various diplomacy conducted by Indonesia in the early days of independence managed to build good relations with the Indonesia countries of diplomacy. struggle  get the result in asia conference held in new delhi dated 23 January 1948.seluruh state delegates who attended the conference agreed that Dutch troops should be pulled back from Indonesia, and the status of Indonesia must be restored liberate. Next countries like the United Nations issued a UN security council resolution dated 28 January 1949, which underlie the formation of united nations commission for Indonesia (UNCI). the task of this agency is to facilitate negotiations between Indonesia with Dutch. besides it, the commission three countries also shows how the international community's reaction to the problems of decolonization in Indonesia at that time.

Chapter 8 (IPS) CAUSE FACTORS COLD WAR EVENT

     
           During the second world war the United States is one of the allied countries that have sufficient military forces fighting against besar.Dalam Germany and Italy, the United States managed to beat back even surrendered to the allies. Japan also surrendered and subject to the sekutu.Sementara power Unisovyet, also has a very large role in the Allied victory in World War II. Thanks to Unisovyet, these countries include Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Romania, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Getting sukup strong influence ofUnisovyet.
             Mastery of the area conducted by the balance of power Unisovyet rise in Economics, Politics, and Ideology. Second superpower ideology Itupun expansion into other countries. Various metodepun used either in the form of economic aid and military cooperation and arms. This meant that the cold war.
           In 1947, the United States issued the Marshall Plan, which is a treaty of economic assistance in the framework of European economic recovery is devastated by World War II. This transaction proposed george Marshall Catller a U.S. foreign minister. The proposal was conveyed to the June 5, 1947 at Harvard University. The United States expressed willingness to provide assistance to anti-communist forces in Turkey and Greece in the face of communism Unisovyet.Amerika U.S. forces also apply Containment politics, namely a foreign policy strategy of the United States to stem the expansion of the power of Soviet communism. Policy issued by it in Geoge Kennan, an American diplomat in 1947, and became a guide in foreign policy framework of the United States in the period 1947-1987.
         Unisovyet also tried to launch a political and ideological expansion in the various countries of East European region and Asia. It was seen from the merger of the European countries with Unisovyet east. In 1948, when the German capital Berlin in the east Unisovyet power, Joseph Stalin cut off roads and the railway line between West Germany and East Germany. Although in the end a blockade that Unisovyet opened in May 1949, the event triggers the beginning of the emergence of a confrontation between America and Unisovyet. In this crisis the United States to send some form of food aid, equipment, and materials Coal Energy. Events were triggered in the form of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 4 April 1949. The purpose of NATO is supporting the establishment of political stability and security in the North Atlantic region.
Formation of the eastern bloc provoked NATO to establish the Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Pact. Pact is in the form dated May 14, 1955 in the city of Warsaw, Poland. The aim is to counteract the impact of the development of weapons installation in western Germany, which is affiliated directly with NATO. Warsaw Pact is dominated by the Soviet Union. In 1961, Albania came out of the Warsaw Pact and cut diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union because of differences ideologist. Eksisitensi NATO in Western Europe and the Warsaw Pact in eastern Europe, which each represent 2 conflicting ideologies, the cause Terminology in the world, the East-West terminology. Country "east" in Analogikan as a communist state, while the state "the West" at Analogikan with the State-capitalist democracy democracy. In 1946, Winston Churchill, former British prime minister who declared that there is an iron curtain separating the relationship of Western and Eastern Europe, namely Unisovyet politics.
         The events in Europe which has been described above is not the only trigger the emergence of the cold war. Genesis in Asia also became one of the triggers of the emergence of these consultations. Implications of China's Mao Zedong strengthening is the strengthening of the Asia communism timeline particularly China and Korea in 1950 Korea was divided into 2 areas of North Korea and South Korea.
           
 B. EXTENSION OF WAR TO COLD OUTSIDE EUROPE
         Embodiment of the Domino Theory in the cold war was the emergence of Proxy War in various regions outside of Europe. Proxy War is war as a result of secondary primary battle that took place between two large countries, the United States and the Soviet Union, among others in Vietnam and Korea.
Communism has also appeared the region Latin America, namely in Cuba. Countries that diplomatically close to the United States, the Cuban Revolution which occurred led by Fidel Castro. Triggered the power between the two camps weapons IDEOLOGICAL, namely the mendaatkan kuba support from the Soviet Union against the United States.
Chinese Communist Government
Understand the emergence of communism in China originated from the Chinese communist party's victory in the political conflict in Cina.Tahun 1923, paratai Chinese communism, Mao Zedong led, to an alliance with the Kuomintang party leader Sunyatsen. Year 1927 so that the number fraction of the nationalist groups represented by the Kuomintang moved the bow of Lenin communism movement towards the Chinese Communist Party. The civil war was not terhindarkan.Mao Zedong's long march to the mountains surrounding Yunnan in 1943-1935. Through Mao Zedong's efforts to get a lot of support from the peani. The size of peasant support for the Chinese Communist party is kemuadian become increasingly intense as the land-reform policies that the idea of this party in 1946. Strength in Chinese Communism by increasing the trigger Mao Zedong as the PRC's declaration of independence 1 Otober 1949. Kuomintang party led by Chiang Kai-shek was defeated by the communist party Shek eventually moved to Taiwan, which put forward a similar format with the ideology of the United States, which is Democracy.
Leadership of Mao Zedong in C ina cause a dominant effect in the political party balance of power between the two kekutan superpower, America and Soviet. China is the geopolitical and geostrategis has two important advantages in the fight Ideology. China becomes country with a potentially huge expansion of the influence of the target sbagai Ideology of the two countries and also beperan as the central force of ideology in ideological battle menagkan in the United States and the Soviet Union. China is a strategic position to benefit for the two superpowers in spreading their ideology in Asia, especially in terms of the effectiveness of each dissemination of ideology into the surrounding region.
           With broad support by the Chinese territory nearly a third of world wide and the large number of people it has, China stood as a political and ideological forces that can not be underestimated its existence. The process of cultural revolution by Mao Zedong in 1966-1969 has implications for the emergence of cultural purification is strongly rooted in the Chinese people.
             From the standpoint of military and weapons, China developed its nuclear weapons technology projects since 1957. The concept of self-help and sate-survival is the view that state power can not rely on the existence of the alliance, but must be built independently. State Survival is the principle that emphasizes the importance of creating a security state. Alliance strategy applied by the Soviet Union to hold China in 1949-1950 became one of the factors causing the emergence of the west-east axis in the war in asia dingin.Kekutan komomunisme greater with the strengthening position of the Chinese communist party in China's governance structure.

KOREAN WAR
       
          The outbreak of the Korean North Korean and South Korea stems from the Japanese annexation of Korea since 1910. In the early days of World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the Korean and Japanese combat. August 10, 1945, the United States issued a foreign policy to occupy southern Korea in order to stem the spread of Soviet communism that had already spread in northern Korea. Intended that the Soviet Union not to control the entire Korean peninsula region. High-ranking American at the time it makes a grand-design to solve the Korean, with reasons to keep Soel position of influence in the Soviet Union felt more strongly in the northern part of Korea.
           Furthermore the United States and the Soviet Union supported the establishment of another regime in the region sebah respective powers. The first regime in south Korea led by Syngman Rhee. Was a prominent anti-communist who had lived in the United States and is very popular with the movement "right" it. The first regime in North Korea led by Kim II Sung. Korean guerrilla leader was ever fought with China to stem the Japanese forces in Manchuria tahun1930's. The second regime in the form in 1946 by acclamation.
            North Korea is communist bebasis ideplogi become one of the main targets of political Containment launched by the United States. Politics of Containment is the foreign policy of the United States that aims to stem the spread of communist ideology and establish a state into opposition for countries that adopted communism around the world. In the Korean War began on June 25, 1950, which marked the invasion of North Korean troops across the line 38 to the south of Korea. South Korea led by Syngman Rhoe and North Korea led by Kim II Sung. September 15, 1950, the United States forces, in the lead-General Douglas MacArthur, landed in the area Inch'on. The landing of U.S. troops has become a very telling tactic of locking the North Korean troops who are already far into the region south korea.
            Chinese participation in the Korean War in October 1950 also led to widening the cold war conflict in Asia. With the participation of China into the United Nations North Korea areas. Its purpose is solely to bring unity divided Korea because the Korean war. China thinks it is a threat to its security defenses UN troops Closely allied with the United States. The Korean War ended with a truce between North Korea and South Korea agreed to de facto border in latitude 38 (degrees) appears in the image of UN troops were passing through the line of latitude 38 (degrees).
           Finally, peace negotiations began was conceived as the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower gives ultimatum would use nuclear kekutan to invade China. The agreement was finally reached on July 27, 1953, in the 2 main points. First, the two warring countries agreed boundary line of latitude as the border between North Korea and South Korea. Demilitarized zone located on the border between South Korea and North Korea more or less along the 1000 km to be proof of the still active psychological warfare between North Korea, which faces South Korea and communist-leaning liberal.

Cuban revolution
          
          Cuba is a country that dropped another historical journey through the process of the coup. In 1924, Cuba was in the lead Gerrardo Machado, political figures who Corruption in government. Resistance peak year 1933 represented the people of Cuba by a group of workers and laborers who threatened to conduct attacks against the government Mchado. Finally Machado in tumbangkan by Fulgncio Batista military forces. Toddlers also controlled Cuba in 1940. In the 1944 period, under the rule of the dictatorial Batista, Cuba had a time of great fear and state-terrorism is a condition when the apparatus of government carry out terror and atrocities against its people by using all state devices.
         Leadership of the dictator Batista had actually ended in 1944 with the election of Carlos Prio in a democratic election. However, Batista returned to power in 1952 until 1958. In the second period of his leadership, the Batista government through a lot of resistance from popular movements and revolutionary gerilayawan, there are two major guerrilla groups opposed to Batista. The first group calling themselves as the second front. Led by Eloy Guierez is centered in the region Escambray mountains. The second and the pushed the Cuban revolution is Fidel Castro.
Castro on the assault began on July 26, 1953, known as the "July 26th Movement". In the attack, a military base in the city of Santiago Moncada attack. Which the troops live Batista. Castro was arrested and imprisoned until 1955.
             After the release in 1955, Castro went to Mexico and the United States to garner support and funding for the actions of government opposition to Batista. While in Mexico Fidel Castro met Ernesto "Che" Guevara, who became close allies in the overthrow the Batista government. In 1956, Fidel Catro with Che Guevara and the other squad members attack Batista's military strength. Castro landed in Cuba and in the welcome with fierce resistance from the Batista forces. Castro's forces retreated and went into the Sierra Maestra mountains, then began the practice gerilnya. In March 1958 pasuksn Castro entered Havana and Batista defeated military force. Overthrow of the Batista government and Castro's victory over the dictatorial regime of Batista's government called the Cuban Revolution. Later, Castro becomes Cuba's leader and run the country with a bow of communism.

Chapter 9 (IPS) Global Konstelasi Pasca Cold War

A.    ENDING COLD WAR
Cold war start to end when Uni Sovyet intend to transfer their energi to finish internal problem and confrontation state. Eskalasi expense of for the system of modern defence complicate Uni Sovyet to continue conflict of weapon without reducing domestic life standard which stagnan. That is why Gorbachev wish to perform discussion about deprival of weapon so that Uni Sovyet can lessen their military komitmen which massif without harming themselves security
Uni Sovyet also start to lessen strength of their weapon Europe East. In the year 1989. Uni interesting Sovyet  its army Afghanistan. Communist Regime start to collapse European Countries East. Germany again coalesce. In the year 1991, Uni Sovyet disband. Russia and Nations Republic of Sovyet other emerge as independent state. Collapse power him Uni Sovyet Europe East terminate cold war.
Collapse him Uni Sovyet
Collapse him Uni Sovyet basically represent accumulation policy of communist government Uni Sovyet from a period of/to Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Goergy Malenkov, Nikita Khurshchev, Leonid Breznev, Yury Andropov till Konstantin Chernenko. Policy of government concentrate on communist party, with people have no right in governance. All residing in [at] communist party
Situation Uni Sovyet change when Chernenko replaced by Mikhail Gorbachev. Since year 1985 till 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev lead Republic Socialist Uni Sovyet. Since holding governance heap, Gorbachev start to plan change of politics Uni Sovyet. very basic laboured Change and represent first since year 1920-an. First of all, which Gorbachev ministrant menangkat from politician circle of ang still young and energik. Thereafter, Gorbachev perform  change of power structure. That changes followed with taking action to corruption people who and competence not in the field of him. Besides, also revise economic situation strarting is downhill.
Taken stages;steps Gorbachev to make a change to execute perestroika ( and restrukturisasi) of glasnost ( openness). Gorbachev write book entitling Perestroika: New Thinking Our Country World and for. Target of writing of that book to explain reconditional concept, that is and perestroika of Glasnost.
In its leadership, Gorbachev see that reform in all lini life of economics and politics Uni important Sovyet to be. Poin-Poin Esensial in concept of Glasnost planned to be to be planned by Gorbachev shall be as follows:
a.    Promotion to freedom to is critical
b.    To alleviating control to printing office and media
c.    Freedom for the religious service of
Glasnost come from Russia Ianguage meaning openness. Glasnost represent aspect lock from introduced by policy Gorbachev year 1985 altering and merevitalisasi various system  Uni Sovyet. Glasnost represent the effort Gorbachev to introduce and push barer discussion and criticize to life of politics and is cultural.
Glasnost claim Uni open Sovyet to be more. Independent groups formed in its society. This matter give konstribusi to national movement in Republic Uni Sovyet and collapse him governance of communism Middle Europe and East.
constituted by esensi assess in glasnost, Cymbal Gorbachev conception perestroika which  its contents, for example as follows
a.    Forming legislative institute newly which two-third from its member selected democratically voice forming
b.    Many presidency executive institute
c.    Terminating central role of communist party
d.    Making undand-undang concerning forming of business firm and permit company of state sell its product free kepasar
e.    Legislating ventures joint, which permiting foreign effort to have national corporations of Sovyet
Perestroika restructuring various area. Initially, term of perestroika only applying to policy of economic area. In the field of restructuring economics by lessening power of economics of ang centrally and open opportunity of larger ones to private sector sector even until local ketingkat. Gorbachev and  its assistant run policy of free economics and free market. For that, in the early year 1990, Gorbachev start to open opportunity to ownership of estae personally. That thing in fact oppose against communism understanding vanishing personal proprietary rights.
Gorbachev also execute perestroika of political area. mentioned of Telihat in new UUD which formed in the year 1988. Content of UUD, for example hitting general election openly. This election form  campaign that goes on year 1989, when chosening Parliament.
applied Perestroika Gorbachev economic area in the reality not work well. Mistake of rampant corruption and menejemen pursue growth of economics. Failure of kebijkan of economics of Gorbachev influence policy of  politics.
Condition of the economics longer progressively decline. Society lacking of food, housing, and everyday reguirements. Communist clan Conservative allege that situation of iu happened because planning which not centrally. On the contrary, liberals blame Gorbachev because action less aggresive to make a change toward free market. Failure of policy of economics of Gorbachev influence kebijkan of politics. One side, its reform assumed menggelinding too far by conservative clan in communist party Sovyet and governance bureaucracy. On the other side, the reform assumed too tardy to radical clan. By the end of year 1990. Pressure Gorbachevmenghadapi from both citadel. That pressure gain strength powerlessly economic  Sovyet and instability of politics.
On 19 August 1991, happened the effort coup d'etat by conservative group. The coup d'etat  by Marsekal Dimitri Yazow ( defence minister), General of Vladimir Kruchkov ( lead KGB), and Boris Pugo ( domestic minister). Success armed forces master Moskow. In is two-day, that coup d'etat can be discomfited. Gorbachev can master Moskow return. But Gorbachev have losing of support of power and people fall hand of Boris Yaltsin. Gorbachev retire from the function of seketaris Communist Party general on 24 August 1991. In October, all Republic of Sovyet, except Russia and of Kazakhstan, , will independence from Uni Sovyet. On 8 December, Russia head, Ukrania, and Belarusia express that Uni Sovyet have died and they have formed new federation, namely Commonwealth Independent States of. Beside three state of pemrakarsa, joining ex- republic Uni other Sovyet, that is Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakstan, Kigirstan,Turksmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Gorbachev even also finally retire as president Uni Sovyet 25 December 1991.
Process Unification Germany
At 7 October 1989, Germany East celebrate day of lahirnaya which to 40. In the reality, that celebration become last celebration to State. At 9 November 1989, Germany East collapse, governance mouthpiece announce that wall  have open Line. Hearing that news, Germany West citizen and Germany East blissfully break wall. Thereafter, thousands of Germany East citizen terminate to step into Germany West.
At 28 November 1989, Kanselir Germany West, Helmut Kohl, delivering " plan 10 pasal"tentang federating of Germany step by step. He plan a[n confederacy Germany West and Germany East. Effort federating of Germany planned will be some years later;then. Meanwhile, situation  turbulent Germany East again, after Egon Krenz retire and replaced by Hans Mondrow. Mondrow immediately perform meeting with Kanselir Helmut Kohl. Result of the meeting  agreement of Germany unification. Hereinafter, Helmut Kohl and Minister For Foreigr Affairs of Hans Dietrich Genshner visit Uni Sovyet. tired Mission Kohl in the affirmative from Mikhail Gorbachev to unite Germany.
At 13 Februari 1990, performed a Conference Ottawa to mark with lines formula " two plus four" to Germany unification process. Meeting " two plus four " meeting Germany West, Germany East, and four previous ally state master Germany. Fourth the state United States, Uni Sovyet, English, and Prancis. That Meeting  in the effort Germany unification started in May and end September 1990. At 3 October 1990 officially expressed Germany coalesce to whole world
a.    Executing jerman reuntifikasi at 3 oktober 1990 After the time of that, Germany become full (of) power state
b.    Performing general election in December to entire/all Germany
As step hereinafter, set mind on to perform first general election Germany East and free Germany West and secret March 1990. Its result  absolute victory to conservative alliance Germany below/under head of Lothar Maiziere de Germany East. the Absolute Victory yield agreement to quicken process federating of jerman. maiden De Maizere manjadi diangakat three east jerman as first government which general election melelui dibenntuk freely. That governance represent social party coalition smaller groups and democrat. General election of Germany West won by party Uni Christian Democrat below/under head of Helmut Kohl.
After De Meizere retire from the function PM Germany East, parliament conference continue stages;steps to unite Germany. At 12 September 1990, United States, Uni Sovyet, English, and Prancis sign agreement of intake of full sovereignty for the future Germany Coalesce. That Meeting at the same time represent to represent meeting of plus final"dua four" Moskow
Finally precisely is midnight, 2 October change to become 3 October 1990, Germany Coalesce. Afterwards, performed first general election which won by Helmut Kohl of Coalition Democrat. Thereby, Helmut Kohl become first kanselir after Germany coalesce.

B.    CHANGE OF GLOBAL KONSTELASI.
Growth Secondhand State of Yoguslavia
During some century, almost entire/all Slavia South assorted and mastered by foreign strength, specially Australian, Hungarian, and Monarchic Ottoman. Before is final century of ke-18, only Serbia and of Montenegro which independence. At that moment, some state Slavia South have idea forming of Yoguslavia ( people land;ground of slavia south) to unite people of Slavia free and govern a state alone. Yoguslavia stand up since year 1918. at 1941, Strength of axis of jerman invasion and break during World War Of II. Yoguslavia rebuilt  year 1945, but political and ethnic conflict tahun1991 generate disintegration to at twice. first period, Yugoslavia represent a empire. period both, Yugoslavia represent a federation which consist of six republic, that is Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kroasia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. Serbia, there  Vojvodina Kosovo and. Belgrade represent federal town mother
Main problem in founding state of yugoslovia conflict idea pembentukan with fact that people who will remain in it have a lot of difference.
 Difference of experience and history have generated various conflict about culture and values which differ. The example, nation of kroasia and of solvenia believe in roma khatolik and use Latin letter. nation of Serbia, montenegro, and Macedonia believe in Christian of oryodoks and use letter of Cyrilik. Nation of Bosnia believe in islam. Each;Every the nation inhabit region alone which in form of otonomous republic in Federation state of Yugoslavia.
 At a period of/to Joseph Broz Tito in command, he succeed to weaken ethnic distortion  that country. He form governance of strong center, but each;every state freed to have selfrule. Action of Tito other to create political system one economic system and party which sentralistik.
Break him return Yugoslavia
Taken Stages;Steps that Tito generate various problem. Policy one party protested by people. Policy of economics of sentralistik make Kroasia and of Slovenia feel to be exploited by central government because both that area which is richest to be compared to with other area.
To overcome this problem, triggering constitution 1974. This constitution represent compromise central government and republic government claiming power disentralisasi. Pursuant to constitution 1974, power start to transfer to the each republic old ones too long claim broader autonomy. Finally, central government only having command of in the field of defence, economic, and overseas.
After Tito die May 1980, Yugoslavia face the problem of economics which serious enough so that weaken central government. Authority governance of puasat decline, more ex officio president arranged in rotation the than is sixth Republic state so that not emerge strong national figure and can overcome the problem of in country. Each republic  ing each other power. Entering year 1980-an, difference of rasial start to reappear political kearena Yugoslavia. Ethnic Stress and hardness colour life of politics of Yugoslavia. Slobodan Milosevic of serbia replacing Tito cannot finish that problem better.
At 25 June 1991, Slovenia and of Kroasia express its independence. Army of Yoguslavia fail to prevent release of Slovenia. July 1991, European Community try to maintain Yoguslavia, But only succeeding to delay formal implementation independence of and sovenia of Kroasia. Finally, year 1992, European Community  Mengakuikemerdekaan both state.
After disentangling x'self, Serbia try to predominate power Yugoslavia. During the time, Serbia feel to hold responsible to take care of people security of Serbia inequitable needed Kroasia by Kroasia.
However, Macedonia and of Brosnia-Herzegovina not wish to reside in below power of Serbia. Therefore, both the Republic also disentangle x'self and ask confession of Eropean Community of independence of them. Bosnia  not as Iucky as Macedonia. Civil war happened there at April 1992. At the of same, United States and Europe society confess that new state. Conflict  Serbia, Kroasia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina marked with event of genosida and its it human being and good and chattel setting the river on fire
At 27 April 1992, Serbia and of Montenegro express x'self as Federal republic Yugoslavia by confessing independence four other republic.
 Apartheid African South
Apartheid represent policy of winnow by rasial which there are African South. Word of Apartheid alone come from African Ianguage meaning winnow.
Background overshadow by Imperialism which knock over Europe nation, Dutch as salaha one state Europe follow to run Imperialism. Dutch dredge up properties of African South, like Diamond and Gold. the Oarang-Orang Dutch mentioning with Boer.
action of Rasial that continued by first prime minister African South. Daniel Francois Malan ( 1948-1954). Malan introduce apartheid as part of Party National campaign election of year 1948. With that party victory, apartheid become policy of governmental politics African South till year 1990. law of Apartheid classify resident to the three group of rasial big, namely white husk, a dusky skin, and colour people.
 Policy of bone apartheid in invited  Natives Act land  year 1913 by parliament of Afriak South. That prohibit ownership of land;ground by a dusky skin people. The represent effort to limit pattern ownership of land;ground. The support the condition of forcing a dusky skin people to provide cheap labour to industry and mining or as housemaid him. The protested by African National Congress ( formed  ANC) [is] year 1912
Year 1950, Group Areas Act invited. That determine separate setlement for every group of rasial
 Since year 1952, Ceremony  PBB lift policy of African South rasial. Ceremony first of all ask government of African South to realize obligation terminate discrimination of rasial below/under Charter ( Charter). After event of mass murder Sharpeville year 1960. Resolution Security Council of PBB, blaming shoting that happened. Thereafter, Ceremony PBB Memberika sanction to African South. Year 1974, Ceremony [of] PBB Menskors African South. Year 1980-an, Ceremony  PBB say that apartheid represent badness action fight against humanly.
natural grief by a dusky skin people finally burst. June 1976, thousands of student Suweto ( South Westren Townships or Settlement of South-West) performing  demonstration by parading to circle town.
 Meanwhile, international world start to  various action to African South. Action, for example forming of special committee oppose year apartheid 1962, calling upon embargo arm voluntaryly to African South year 1963, and forming of fund delegation of PBB for the African of South addressed to assist victim of apartheid year 1965. The congress leading by Nelson Mandela struggling to vanish apartheid. Besides, standing also United Democratic Front with supporter the core important Glorious Bishop Desmon Tutu.
In the year 1961, Nelson Mandela lead mass demonstrsi which claim equal right and abolition of apartheid. Because its actions, under arrest Mandela and served a sentence  year 1962. But, struggle of vanishing of apartheid still walk. Year 1989, Frederick W. Klerk de, a chosen progressive white husk become African South president. 11 January 1990, Nelson Mandela freed. Hereinafter, 12 May 1990, government  consultation with ANC for the first time. Entering is final century of ke-20, history of apartheid African South note big change. 13 November 1993, a dusky skin and white husk leaders succeed to compile a elementary draft of law ( New RUUD). The RUUD aim to terminate white husk clan absolute authority. That RUUD signed by some national figure, among others Frederick W. De Klerk and of Nelson Mandela. After reached agreement about RUUD, agreed also performed general election. General election take place 26-29 April 1994. The general election followed by resident with various husk colour. One months after, chosen Nelson Mandela become president.
Appearance Pattern of Utara-Selatan
Cold war that goes on during 42 year bring international political bow and between state unit residing in in context of timur-barat
The forming of dichotomy of Timur-Barat become appearance cikal will regionalisme in the case of defence and economics various world area. liberal Ideology democracy domination  world early from collapsing of communist ideology  Uny Sovyet year 1989. In economic context, strength of liberalism make nations have to  exposing x'self each other and correlate one another to reach importance of economics and commerce. Importance of national which is on time cold war of political berorentasi, ideology, have come to economic orentasi. Politically, ending of it cold war make some communist State secondhand European continent east start to apply democracy in life of nation of mereka,baik in national scope and also of internasiona.Liberalisme economic with aim to be secure and prosperous State will be able to be executed  if system of tecipta democratized
Condition of liberalism democracy victory era-perang by generating two effect of base in society of internasional.ideologi liberalism oblige the existence of same which must awaking up between the Negara.Hubungan can guarantee fufilled of requirement of economics every State reciprocally. Both economic orientation which applying in policy of State have no longger have the character of domestic or orient exporting happened domestic sector
 Liberalis Ideology or communism but storey;level of kapabilitas perekonomian.Oleh in consequence appearance conception Developed countries and Developing countries. Commodity of that group small industrys pengespor of raw raw material and pertanian.Hubungan of utara-selatan emerge from geopolitics context that Nations go forward majority located in world upstate part of nations expand part of world south.
Change of pattern constituted by kecendrungan of same economics a condition depended economic relation ekonomi.melalui of utara-selatan , political and economic world era of pasca-perang cool experience of progress of pesat.terutama south jepang,korea, and Taiwan. Institute arranging commerce among upstate Nations and south, for example WTO( World Trade Organization).
Change of Political Tataan Area Europe East
After cold war end, era democratize even also appear all over the world. this democracy marking by existence of two especial tendency, that is process independence of Nations  openness of State actor-aktor to information current and communications which mangkin support economic growth and cultural social.
Change arrange politics European initially trigger by idea of perostronika and of glasnost which telling by Mikhail Gorbachev. Affect from itself very real to life of political social east asia kaawasan. Change of political tataan which most Look seen that is collapsing of wall of bherlin year 1989. Cause collapse him Uni Sovyet is European east trigger by Brezhnev expressing that uni sovyt have the right to business mengintervasi in other communist Nations negri as a mean to strengthen communism brother root State . The doctrine by Leonid November 1968. For certain telling as justivikasi of Leornad and some petinggi uni sovyt to cekkolovaskia as a threat of krebilitas communism in all the world. By that karna threat threat to socialist kekuatann which mirror from various cultural inflansi or economic and political revormasi communist Nations viewing as a threat to strength of doctrine of sosialisme-komunisme as a whole.
Invasion Praktik to Cekolosvakia year 1968 form of menivestasi of doctrine. Ossify governance him uni sovyt in communist Nations attitude Europe East also seen reaction of which peeping out by Hungary, Rumania, Polandia and of Albania. Central Governance uni tired to sovyt in fact take place since 1956. In case of Albania contiguity of this with Chinese become separate konsiderasi to uni sovyt to purify communism teaching uni sovyt State.
Care uni sovyt to fading strength of communism is European east mount with existence of movement phenomenon of Solidarty year polandia 1980. Polandia represent very State necessary for uni this State position karna sovyt very its strategis.Jumlah tired him one-third from entire/all people of polandia . In the end Solidarty prohibiting to enter in the field of politics of comand of Maskow.
Policy of glasnot generating impact of Siknifikan in changing the condition of politics European area East. Gorbachev will result Nations European area East remain to maintain Komuisme
 inescapable Process Democratization even also European continent East . Pahan Communism slowly start leaving by Nations area.





 Tables 9.1 . Kornologis Process Democratize Europe east.
NO    TIME    OCCURENCE
1.    Mei 1988    Rate Janos coincide chair of sekertaris general of communist party Cekoslovakia.
2.    Januari 1989    Hungarian Parliament permit the forming of party of Idependen.
3.    April 1989    Prohibition order to Solidarty geakan Polandia abstracting.
4.    Juni 1989    General election polandia winning absolutely by candidate of Movement of Solidasrty.
5.    Juli 1989
    Geakan Solidarty polandia Form a government of coalition with general of Jaruselski.
6.    September 1989    Hungary permit refugee of east jerman of umtuk menyebrang to Austrian
7.    Oktober 1989    Pemimpin jerman timur Erich Honecker, meletakan jabatanya  dan digantikan oleh Egon Krenz.
Hungary adopt new konsitusi which guarantee the existence of system democratize multipartai . Leader of east jerman of Erich Honecker, its meletakan it and replaced by Egon Krenz.
8.
    3 November 1989    Cekoslovakia open frontier jerman earn menyebrang to Germany west.
9    10 November 1989     wall  have Line collapse . communist Sekertaris General party Bulgaria alight from its
10    24 November 1989    Communist leader alight from its
11
    6 Desember 1989    Governance of Germany east alight from its
12    22 Desember 1989    Dictatorship Of Ceausescu Rumania overthrowing , then Ceausescu Executing at 25 December 1989.

C.    INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL APPEARANCE AS FORM TYING of REGIONAL AND IS GLOBAL.
Change in area form of politik,ekonomi, cultural and social , and also in defence society and security happened world. That change happened its it cooperation of regional and global like in movement of[is non blok,ASEAN, OKI, MEE,DAN APEC. This Cooperation contain some worthwhile value ; among others cooperation value, deliberation value and of mukafaat value and love peace and is human.
 This cooperation earn form if there mukafaat problem of regional and also global which facing and solving problem with with.
Meetings of Regional and that international have to base oning by value esteeming each other . If this matter happened hence war earn solving and preventing and world peace earn creating.
Seen its equivalent nation with its nation , each;every citizen of each nation see the problem of kemanusian which facing by citizen of other nation as its own problem . On that account world always maintain collision of human right
So much value able to assess which finding in cooperation of regional and is global. This matter which push Nations world to progressively for its in inter-states organizations .
Movement of Non-Blok
Movement of Non-Blok ( Non Aligned Movement ) representing Nations movement of asia- afrika which not have one of block in action chilled ( Cold War . Nations embrace political principle not to tied one of good block West block and also east block which leading uni sovyt .
This idea the importance of Nations organization of non-blok contained in Asia African ( KKA) bandung 1955. The Oganisasi naming movement of non-blok , its him president of Soekarno ( Indonesia , president of Joseph Broz Tito ( Yugoslavia ), Gamma president of Abdul Nasser ( mesir ) and maiden three Pandit Jawaharlal ( India ) and maiden three Kwame Nkrumah ( Ghana
1.    First pertinent State have to embrace free politics which basing of principles of non-blok
2.    Both pertinent State have to tiasa senan give duukungan to movements emancipator of national for tired going forward of independence of them
3.    Third, State which bersangkitan is not member merupakn of federation of multilateral military which its for in order to conflict of big Nations.
Till now KTT movement of non-blok have performing counted 13 times. After cold war end , movement of non-blok assuming assuming role kehlangan and its That thing is causing member majority of non-blok. State expanding . movement of nom-blok facing with problem of Human right ( HAM) and environment And so do dengahn the things of environment issue which still many collision of HAM and environment. Nations go forward which in advance themselves natural resources mengekspolitasi.
Target of movement of non-blok to look after International security and peace , tired labouring of perluncutan of weapon in general and totally below/under Effective international authentication and also labour to functioning PBB effectively .
ASEAN ( Association Of South East Asian Nations)
Equation of chance as State which have colonizing to generate strong feeling a friend at court among nations of asia south-east . That Unntuk , proxy five State of asia south-east of mendatangani declaration of Bangkok 8 August 1967. courier which signing the the declaration Adam of Malik ( political business minister double overseas minister Indonesia).
 the Content Declaration shall be as follows ;
1.    Indonesia, malaysia, Filifina, Thailand, and Singapore agree to efforts guarantee pengakuuann and respect of region of asia south-east as peaceful zona, free, and neutral the than each;every external strengths interference
2.    nations of Asia south-east shall upayupaya extend region work to tighten and solidarity which have intertwined.
effort of Keja same furthermore South-East Asia pouring in perjanjiaan of cooperation and friendship south-east asia. That Perjanjiaan signing Bali, 24 Februari 1976. And endless peace among people of ASEAN. Sekertariat ASEAN officially function since 7 July 1976 which leading by a general secretary by bergantian during two year
ASEAN represent organization of regional having the character of free in him. In character awareness bberdasarkan and voluntary the than the each State . each its member remain to sovereign branggotakan penuth remain to hold and identity of cirikas the each State.
Declaration of Bangkok express that ASEAN founded with a purpose to for example to quicken growth of economics , progress of social, and also development of culture the effort with as base to peaceful and prosperous south-east asia . ASEAN try to develop same in the field of industry and pertaniaan extension of commerce , repair of communications and transportation and also repair of life level.
OKI ( Organizational Konfersi Islam )
Organizational islam konfersi stand up in the year 1969.Pendiri that organization awali with event of combustion of Mesjidil Aqsa palestina 21 agustus 1969 . the event have people of islam to look after set of to determine attitude to Israel which have attacked Palestinian town.
OKI in general only studying about old palestina too long OKI start to round into one same forum social economic policy area science and culture pengetahuaan of OKI  have member 57 state of arab asia and of afrika . That nations for example Arab of Saudi,Aljazair, Bhairn,Irak, Kuati, Lebanon , Libya, Marocco, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, Suria, Tunisa, Uni arab emira, Yaman, Yordania, Palestinian, Afganistan, Bangladesh, Bruneidarusallam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran , Pakistan, Turki, Benin, and others.
Indonesia become member of its OKI resident majority karna embrace Islam till now domicile Indonesia represent active State participant in rights status, and obligation which same as other Nations member.
 Some target of fundamental becoming base to reach aspiration of OKI shall be as follows is :
 First, OKI try to improve Islam solidarity among State - its member state.
 Both, OKI try Consolidation fact member cooperation defence of regional, that agreement may not hooking;correlating directly in opositions of World power
Third, OKI immediately prepare strategic in all form .
 Fourth, OKI take stages;steps to support peace pursuant to justice.
 Fifth, OKI try mengkordinasikan of[is effort to protect sanctums and also support struggle of people of palestina.
Sixth, OKI afirm struggle of moslem clan for the purpose of protecting their national rights and honour.
 Seventh , OKI try to create conducive situation for the progress of same and mutually understanding among Nations anggota
Five principle of OKI , for example as follows
    Confessing absolute equation Nations member
    Respecting rights in determining chance alone , not have a hand in hand in other State country
    Respecting Sovereignty, Independence, and regional Integrity each;every State
    Finishing each;every dispute which possible arise to the way of peace like consultation , mediasi, arbitase rekonsiliasi,
    Will not use any threat hardness to regional Intergritas, unity of national, or independence of politics State