During World War II, the United States is one country that has allied military forces large enough. In the battle against Germany dn Italy, the United States managed to beat back and even forced the country to surrender to the Allies. In addition, Japan also surrendered and subject to the Allied forces bawh after Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs on sentenced August 9, 1945. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union also has a very large role in the Allied victory in World War II. Thanks to the Soviet Union, countries of Eastern Europe successfully captured by the Allies of German hands. These countries include Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Romania, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. The six countries then have a strong influence from the Soviet Union.
As the only country that did not experience losses due to World War II, the United States plays a full bow poitik and world economy. On the other hand, the Soviet Union, along with its allies, which consists of the countries of Eastern Europe and China, came up with the power of ideology, political, economic, and military big enough. Conditions the balance of power (balance of power) was not terekkan. War-capitalist ideology of democracy and communism, between the two camps that became the dominant color in this period; war known as the cold war. It was seen from the various maneuver performed Maing each country in the search for influence and support from countries that had freed themselves from colonial rule. Berbgai method was used both in the form of economic aid and military cooperation and arms. This meant that the Cold War.
Dalm attempt to launch a political and ideological expansion, in 1947, the United States issued a Marshall Plan, proposed by a military commander Ameriak States during World War II, named George Catlerr Marshall. Marshal Plan for Europe are specific to the region rose from poverty, hunger, and despair due to World War II, and to Europe rose to become the U.S. partner in the face of the communist forces of the Soviet Union.
Apart from foreign policy embodied in the Marshall Plan, foreign policy position of the United States in the early Cold War period is also reflected in the Truman Doctrine. Doctrien Truman is a statement issued by President Harry Truman on March 12, 1947, the United States expressed willingness to provide assistance to anti-communist forces in Turkey and Greece in the face of Soviet communism forces. Truman Doctrine proclaimed by the consideration of Domino theory, namely that if one country fell into communism, its neighbors will also fall into communism. In addition, the United States also apply Containment politics, namely a foreign policy strategy of the United States to stem the expansion of the power of Soviet Communism. The policy was issued by George Kennan, an American diplomat in 1947, and became a guide in foreign policy framework of the United States in the period 1947-1987.
On the other hand, the Soviet Union also tried to launch a political and ideological expansion in many countries of East Europe and Asia. Rock in 1948, sweat Berlin (East Germany kola Ibex) bread Dalai Soviet power, Joseph Stalin cut off roads and railway lines of East Germany and West Germany. It affects the economic blockade of West Germany. Although the Soviet Union eventually had to remove the blockade in May 1949, the event triggers the beginning of the emergence of a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. In this crisis, the United States to send some form of food aid, equipment, materials and energy (coal) over the air with a program called "Berlin Airlift". In addition, the United States also apply political penangkalan / prevention (deterrence) to defend West Germany by way of placing long-distance destruction weapons and the United States soldiers in the country allies, England. The incident sparked the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in April 1949. The purpose of NATO is supporting the establishment of political stability and keamaman in the North Atlantic region. At the beginning of the establishment of NATO, members of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Iceland, Norway, Luxembourg, and Danish.
NATO provoked the formation of the Eastern bloc to establish the Warsaw Pact or Warsaw Pact. In Awash leadership, the Soviet Union, Warsaw Pact member countries had East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Albania. Previously, the Warsaw pact called the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The purpose of the establishment of the Warsaw Pact is to counteract the impact of the development of weapons installation in West Germany, which is affiliated directly with NATO.
The existence of NATO in Western Europe and the Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe, which represent each of the two two ideologies are mutually bertentangn, creating a new terminology in the world of international relations, the East-West terms. Country "east" as analogous to a communist country, while the country "west" as analogous to the state-capitalist democracy.
The events in Europe which has been described above is not the only trigger the emergence of the Cold War. Events in Asia, such as Mao Zedong victory Dalai than 1949 civil war that hit China, also one of the triggers of the emergence of these constellations. The implications of the strengthening of Mao Zedong in China is strengthening idelogi communism in Asia, particularly China. By default, the Soviet Union immediately get oriented alliance of political ideology and the same. Other events in Asia that triggered the Cold War is meruncingnya attacked South Korea by North Korea in 1950. These events make Korea was divided into two regions, namely North Korea and South Korea.
B. EXTENSION OF WAR TO COLD OUTSIDE EUROPE
Domino theory, or commonly known as the Domino Effect, is a theory which states that if a country has adopted a particular ideology, its neighboring countries would automatically adopt the same ideology. Embodiment of the Domino Theory in the cold war was the emergence of Proxy War in various regions outside of Europe. Proxy War is war as a result of secondary primary battle that took place between two large countries, the United States and the Soviet Union. Proxy War occurred among others in Vietnam and Korea.
Chinese Communist Government
The emergence of communism in China originated from the Chinese Communist Party victory in the conflict in China. In 1923, the Chinese Communist Party, the leadership of Mao Zedong, make an alliance with the Kuomintang Party leader Sun Yat Mon However, the schism in the year 1927 so that some fraction of the nationalist groups, represented by the Kuomintang moved the bow of the communism of Lenin to the movement of the Chinese Communist party. The civil war was inevitable. To mobilize mass support, Mao Zedong made the long march around pegunugan Yunan in 1934-1935. Through the long march that is, Mao Zedong kalangn get support from farmers in the countryside, which at that time become the majority in the Chinese social structure. The size of peasant support for the Chinese Communist Party became intense often with land-reform policies initiated by the party in 1946.
Dalai proclamation of independence of China, the Chinese Communist Party became the party of government mandates pertain holder, replace the power of the Kuomintang Party leader Chiang Kai-shek. In the end, Chinag Kai-shek moved to Taiwan and established a democratic government in that country. Political impact, the de jure, the United States does not recognize the independence of sovereignty over territory of China, but unanimously support the Nationalist Republic of China government leadership of Chiang Kai-shek in Taiwan, which put forward a similar format with the ideology of the United States, namely democracy.
In the constellation of the Cold War, China is the geopolitical and geostrategis has two important advantages in the battle of ideology. First, China became the country as a potentially huge expansion of the influence of ideological goals of the two countries and also serves as a central strength of the won in idelogi ideological struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. Second, China's geographical position is strategically a benefit for the two superpowers in spreading their ideology in the area of central Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in terms of effectiveness of each dissemination of ideology into the surrounding area.
The process of cultural revolution by Mao Zedong in 1966 until 1969 have implications for the emergence of cultural purification is strongly rooted in the Chinese people.
From the standpoint of military forces and weapons, China has started a project to develop nuclear weapons technology since 1957. The project was built with Soviet assistance in financing and technology sasistensi. Development of China's weapons technology can be seen in the argument that in the study of the Cold War, the concept of self-help and state-survival can only be achieved by increasing the power of the elements of a country. Self-help is the view that state power can not be relied upon by the alliance process, but must be constructed independently. State-survival is a principle that emphasizes the importance of creating a security state. Power is the principle that emphasizes the importance of the development of weapons technology as optimal as possible so that they appear a deterrence effect (penangkalan) for other countries to attack the country.
Applied strategic alliances with the Soviet Union took China in the year 1849-1950 to be one of the factors causing the emergence of the west-east axis of the Cold War.
Alliance kekuatn Soviet Union and China would become a parameter of widening the scope of the Cold War from Europe to Asia. As a result, military influence and penenman United States defense in the Asian region became more powerful. Strength of communism in Asia, the greater the premises strengthening the position of the Chinese Communist Party in China's governance structure. The power of the Chinese Communist Party to make the Chinese government still enforce the basic principles of communist ideology as the basis of China. It was applied consistently to the present.
Korean War
Rupture of Korea became North Korea and South Korea stems from the Japanese annexation of Korea since 1910. In the early days of World War II, the Soviet Union occupied the Korean and Japanese combat. On August 10, 1945, the United States issued a foreign policy to occupy southern Korea in order to spread communism mebendung Soviet Union had already spread in northern Korea. United States step is intended that the Soviet Union not to control the whole area of the Korean peninsula. United States officials at that time to make a grand-design to divide Korea at the point of 38o, with a reason to keep the position of Seoul from the influence of the Soviet Union felt more strongly in the northern part of Korea.
Furthermore, to confirm to confirm the position in the area of occupation, the United States and the Soviet Union to support each other in the establishment of a regional regime of power each. The first regime in South Korea led by Syngman Rhee. The first regime in North Korea led by Kim Il Sung. The first policy of Kim Il Sung was the most famous is redistributing land in North Korea, which is an agrarian reform practices that have become typical cirri of the communist understood. The second regime was formed in 1946 by acclamation. South Korea proclaimed the founding of the Republic of Korea and North Korea proclaimed the founding of People's Republic of Korea. Boundary point between the two Koreas was located at latitude 38o.
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, which marked the invasion of North Korean troops across the line to 38o South Korea. War is a continuation of the splitting of Korea, namely South Korea (led by Syngman Rhee), and North Korea (led by Kim Il Sung). Korean divisions that occurred in 1948.
North Korea backed by the Soviet Union had successfully repulsed the South Korean army and U.S. forces to Busan, south of South Korea. The cause of the defeat of South Korea and the United States troops is the lack of capacity and quality of weaponry, in addition to the amount of North Korea and the Soviet Union more than the South Korean troops and the United States.
China's participation in the Korean War in October 1950 also led to the widening conflict the Cold War in Asia. China's participation in the Korean War begins with the entry of UN troops to the region with North Korea across the line 38o. UN actions that purpose solely is to achieve unity of the divided Korean Peninsula due to the Korean War. Chinese consider it as a threat to the defense and security for UN forces closely allied with the United States.
Finally, begin peace negotiations initiated along with the election of Dwight D. Eisenhower as president of the United States. Is implicit, he signaled to China and North Korea to be accommodative to the negotiation process. If not, Eisenhower issued an ultimatum to use nuclear power to invade China. The agreement was finally reached on July 27, 1953, in the 2 main points. First, the two warring countries agreed on the de facto boundary line 38o latitude as the border between North Korea and South Korea. Second, the warring parties will also exchange and return of prisoners of war to their respective countries.
Cuban Revolution
Cuba is a country characterized by political history of dictatorial rule through the process of dropping another coup. In 1924, Cuba was led Gerrado Machado, corrupt political leaders and dictators in government. Cuban society groups had begun to show resistance and conducted a series of disobedience movement against Machado.
Rock the period 1940 until 1944, under the rule of the dictatorial Batista, Cuba had a full period of terror and state-terrorism. Events state-terrorism is a condition when the apparatus of government carry out terror and atrocities against its people by using all the tools the State.
Leadership of the dictator Batista had actually ended in 1944 with the election of Carlos Prio in a democratic election. However, Batista returned to power in 1952 until 1958. In the second period of his leadership, the Batista government has a lot of resistance from popular movements and revolutionary guerrillas, there are two major guerrilla groups opposed to Batista. The first group calling themselves as the second front. Group led by Eloy Guierez is centered in the region Escambray Mountains. The second group and encourage the Cuban Revolution is a group of revolutionary leader Fidel Castro.
Castro was successful resistance uplifting despite the Cuban people ultimately fail. Castro was arrested and imprisoned until 1955.
After his release in 1955, Castro went to Mexico and the United States to garner support and funding for the actions of government opposition to Batista. In the way that, while he was in Mexico, Fidel Castro met Ernesto "Che" Guevara, who became close allies in the overthrow the Batista government. In 1956, after organizing and building power plan, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara with members of other troops returned to the attack on Batista's military strength. Castro's forces pushed back and into the Sierra Maestra Mountains area, then began the practice of guerrilla warfare. Finally, in March 1958, Castro's troops entered Havana and Batista defeated the military forces.
The entry into Havana, Castro's army was greeted by a colorful local residents shouted "Long Live Castro". Itupun successful attack and Batista gave up, then perge to the United States on January 1, 1959. Later, Castro becomes Cuba's leader and run the country with a bow of communism.
Strategically, the United States saw the power of the communists in Cuba as a threat because of two main factors. First, there is a domino effect of the spread of communism in the region of Cuba. Therefore, the United States immediately to build a deterrent force to prevent it, namely strengthening the arms and military dominance in the region. Second, the condition of proximity between Cuba and the United States affects close combat range Cuba to the United States reach the area. It can impact on the creation of a domino effect and Proxy War in Latin America.
Proxy War in concept, Cold War tensions between Cuba and the United States peaked in October 1962. The event begins with a report from a spy plane the United States about the development of nuclear weapons installation in the Soviet Union that Cuba belongs to the type of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRMBs). The report directly to John F. Kennedy, president of the United States at that time, moved to prevent the installation of development projects are not developed further because of the potential rise of nuclear war between the Soviet Union and the United States. The way it was refined by Kennedy to not use the word "sea blockade" in the statement because the word "sea blockade" is identical with the war. He uses the term "quarantine the sea", as a term which according to Kennedy's right to reduce the potential escalation of the war due to the emergence of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The crisis berjala for 13 days.
Cuban Missile Crisis ended with the agreement between Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy. The deal consists of two things. First, the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw all nuclear warheads from Cuba and not to build nuclear weapons installations there. Second, the United States are not allowed to invade Cuba.
C. VIETNAM WAR POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Vietnam War which lasted 20 years old submarine (1955-1975) is a real form of the clash of ideology of liberal democracy and communism in the Cold War period. The split this country started from the fighting between the Vietnamese Indepence League (Viet Minh) and the French forces who want to return to power in the area of Indochina, especially Vietnam. The war between the Viet Minh with French troops in ituberlangsung from 1946 to 1954, which ended with the defeat of France in a great battle at Dien Bien Phu. Finally, through an international conference held in Geneva in 1954, a ceasefire was in enforce. Ditetapkanlah the demarcation line between North Vietnam and South Vietnam at the point 17o line as the demilitarized zone. Earmarked for North Vietnam Viet Mihn, while the South Vietnamese troops destined for France. South Vietnam led by Prime Minister Ngo Dihn Diem, while the North Vietnamese movement led by leaders of Vietnam, Nguyen Tat Thanh, or known as Ho Chi Minh City.
Geneva agreement in 1954 which proclaimed a ceasefire between the two Vietnam produces an ang body called the International Control Committee. Body formed to implement the process of democratic elections to unite the two Vietnam. South Vietnam refused to prose and the United States there support. North Vietnam chose to unify the two Vietnam through military force rather than through the political process. That is, the beginning of the Vietnam War that lasted for 20 years.
In his reign, Dihn Diem Ngo got a huge support both military and economy of the United States. Meanwhile, the North Vietnamese guerrilla forces, known as the Viet Cong, began reaching into the area of South Vietnam. Diem Ngo Dihn Government requested assistance to the United States to develop military forces of the Republic of Vietnam (Army of the Republic of Vietnam) and Vietnam police forces.
Along with the United States granting aid to South Vietnam, Viet Cong strength increased in numbers. Part of the members of the Viet Cong is a resident of South Vietnam Ngo dengn opposition Dihn Diem. Diem's leadership style is authoritarian, and the Catholic faith that he embraced the people of South Vietnam considered not conformed to the majority of people who embraced Buddhism.
Under the reign of John F. Kennedy, the United States decided to send aid the United States military forces to Vietnam on a large scale.
In 1970, further widening the Vietnam war to the mainland of Laos and Cambodia. Toward the peace process began was conceived in late 1970, as further incentive anti-war demonstrations that took place in the United States. United States began to reduce the number of troops in Vietnam.
On January 27, 1973, the process toward peace agreement initiated by the back end. In perundinga peace between Communist North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States, agreed a ceasefire in the conflict areas in Vietnam. Peace agreement was signed on January 31, 1973 and known as The Paris Accords.
Condition of peace in Vietnam not long berjala. In 1974, North Vietnam, with the capital Hanoi, began to violate the peace agreements that resulted in the Paris Accords. Viet cong soldiers began annexing several areas in South Vietnam, such as the Phuoc Long province, the Viet Cong invaded in January 1975. Rock 21 April 1975, President Nguyen Van Thieu resigned and flew to Taiwan. On 30 April 1975, Saigon controlled entirely by the North Vietnamese. The tanks entered the town of North Vietnam as a sign of victory. Rock July 2, 1976, the military government was formed. Vietnam was proclaimed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, with capital in Hanoi. The name of Saigon was changed to Ho Chi Minh City.
Biggest impact of the Vietnam War seen from the number of deaths. United States to spend funds of $ 200,000,000,000 to finance this war, but ended with the defeat. Strength Vietnam became one of the axis of communism respected by the United States in Asia.
The spread of communism in Southeast Asia masterminded by the existence of an institution in the Soviet Union called the Communist International (Comintern). In Indonesia Nusantara Aidit Dipo is one figure who had attended the Comintern. In Vietnam, Ho Chi Mihn, Vietnam's independence leader, has also been one of the Comintern learners.
In Laos, communism is applied by the Pathet Lao, which is an organization formed by the consolidation process of military and political strife in the country. In Cambodia, the influence of communism spread by the authoritarian regime called the Khmer Rouge. Furthermore, in 1977, there was dispute between Cambodia and Vietnam. Cambodia received support from China, while Vietnam mendapt support from the Union Soviet.Puncak of this dispute is an attempt to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1979, which continued in Vietnam by the Chinese invasion.
D. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND SPACE weaponry Rock COLD WAR PERIOD
Nuclear Race
Another impact of the Cold War era was the nuclear arms race between the West Block and East Block. Nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Radiation producing nuclear weapons that could endanger the lives of living creatures on earth, for example the case of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor exploded on April 26, 1986. As a result of the blast, hundreds of people contaminated by nuclear radiation, dozens of people died, and hundreds of thousands of people were displaced. The people who contaminated nuclear radiation will be crippled for life.
Permaslahan see it, the UN established a commission that aims to use force can be directed to uklir things positive and prevent it being used for war. The commission called the Atomic Energy Commission. United States gave a proposal to the commission to monitor and strictly mengtur production of nuclear weapons carried out covertly. The Soviet Union objected to the proposal because it did not want to reduce weapons. The rapid ability of the Soviet Union after the United States in nuclear weapons technology to encourage President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, to order the provision of emergency programs for the hydrogen bomb research. The research was successful and tested in 1952. But 9 months later, the Soviet Union has been able to make their own hydrogen bomb. Fear of unrivaled increasingly tense relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Race Space Technology
During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union raced to reach space. Dated October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the space shuttle first. The aircraft was named Sputnik I, who sent without crew. The launch was followed by Sputnik II, carrying seekot dog. United States soon followed with the launch of Explorer I (1958) followed with the Explorer II, Discover, and Vanguard. Winning back the Soviet Union with the successful launches Lunik landed on the moon. United States soon rival the success of those with Neil Armstrong landed on the moon in July 1969.
Russia, one of the Soviet Union, managed to make the first flight into space with human crews. Astronauts who followed the mission was Yuri Gagarin. He was the first to explore space. By driving Vostok I, he had circled the earth for 1 hour 29 minutes. The incident occurred on April 12, 1961. The ability to compete with the Soviet Union, the United States immediately sent Alan Shepard Jr. Batlett., Who was in space for 15 minutes in the same year. The Soviet Union launched Vostok II with Gherman Titov Stepnovich as astronauts. Titov had circled the earth for 25 hours. Event by the United States responded by sending an astronaut, the John H. Glenn. Glenn successfully circled the earth for three days with the plane Friendship IV.
E. INDONESIA FOREIGN POLICY
In the constellation of international relations, the position and active role of a country can be seen from two things. First, how did he establish diplomatic relations with other countries. Hubunga diplomacy is a bridge so that the country can achieve its national kepentingn. Second, the position of a country in a one global system parameters can be seen in how the country can influence other countries to follow its strategy. In addition, foreign policy success of a nation can be determined by the extent to which it can respond to changes in its external environment.
Indonesia's foreign policy always followed the development of a global constellation. Formulation nature of Indonesian foreign policy, among others, seen as follows.
1. Free-On. This property is based on Alenia to four in the opening of the 1945 Constitution which states that Indonesia participated in the implementation of world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice. Free-active properties are highlighted in Indonesian foreign policy emphasized that Indonesia does not tolerate any intervention in the affairs of a country.
2. Anti-Colonialism. Indonesia's foreign policy driven by the desire to eliminate all forms of colonialism in the face of the earth. Therefore, by relying on the nature of anti-colonialism, Indonesia is firmly opposed to any form of domination or occupation by one state against another state.
3. Orientation in the national interest. In addition to its free-active, Indonesian foreign policy is intended solely for the achievement of national interests.
4. Democratic. This property means that all decisions made by the convention with other countries, Indonesia must obtain approval from the representatives of the people through Parliament.
Completion of Indonesian foreign policy has been conducted since the reign of the Old Order, exactly following the Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959. Rock this time, Indonesia's foreign policy set out in 4 main pillars, namely as follows.
1. Constitution of 1945.
2. Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia made ang Outline of State Policy on Tap. MPRS No.1/MPRS/I/1960.
3. Political Manifesto Guidelines for the Implementation of the Republic of Indonesia, who came from the Message of the President August 17, 1960 known as the "road revolution We".
4. Lines of Foreign Affairs, which comes from the President's speech before the UN General Assembly 30 September 1960, entitled "To Build the World a New".
In the reign of President Sukarno's foreign policy toward Indonesia does not lead to the two camps, both of West Block and East Block, and not also to the non-tin sides. Did the pattern of diplomacy in Indonesia to introduce these concepts done by President Sukarno in various international forums, such as the United Nations. One element of the building and Oldefos conception Nefos is the President's speech before the UN forum in 1960, entitled "Building the World Back". From this speech, the Supreme Advisory Council through No.2/Kpts/Sd/I/61 Decision, dated January 19, 1961, states that the basic lines of Foreign Affairs, based on the 1945, with free and active nature, the emphasis on nature of anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism.
However, the confrontation against Malaysia, Singapore, and England during the Old Order does not purify the nature of Indonesian foreign policy of free-active. The success of Indonesian diplomatic solution was tested in the confrontation with Malaysia via Bangkok Agreement. After the negotiations on May 29, 1966 until June 1, 1966, Deputy Prime Minister / Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak with the Chief Minister / Minister of Foreign Affairs Adam Malik Indonesia agreed on the settlement issue of confrontation between the two countries. Furthermore, the two countries signed a treaty normalizing relations agreement on August 11, 1966, followed by the opening of diplomatic relations between the two countries on August 31, 1967.
Returns foreign policy toward Indonesia is also an active free-marked by the normalization of relations with Singapore. On June 2, 1966, the process was marked by the official recognition of the position of these countries. The opening of diplomatic relations with Singapore was conducted on September 7, 1966. Rock Presidan reign of Suharto, Indonesia's foreign policy experience along with the issuance of improvement Tap. MPRS No.XII/MPRS/1966 containing about reaffirmation foundation's foreign policy of the Republic of Indonesia. Implementation of foreign policy independent of the Republic of Indonesia-active seen from the handling of international issues like the war in Vietnam, the Middle East, Cambodia, and others. In addition, the history of the success of Indonesia's foreign policy is also seen in Indonesia re-entry into the United Nations since 28 September 1966, after saying it out of the organization's membership at the January 1, 1965.
F. ACTIVE ROLE IN THE WORLD INTERNATIONAL INDONESIA
Asian-African Conference in Bandung
During the cabinet Ali I, free-active politics combined with the application of good neighborly policy (a good neighbor policy). Indonesia's foreign relations at that time with other fast growing Asian countries, like Pakistan, India, Burma, and Ceylon. Kalima country took the initiative to convene a conference in Colombo on April 28 to May 2, 1954. Colombo Conference was attended by Prime Minister UNU from Burma, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali of Pakistan, Prime Minister Sir John Kotelawala of Ceylon, and Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo from Indonesia. Colombo Conference is the first step towards peace and relieve world tensions. Indonesia and India to establish a cooperative relationship that is very close on September 25, 1954 in New Delhi to seek a conference of all the leaders of Asia and Africa.
This conference preparatory meeting held in Bogor on 28-31 December 1954. Preparatory meeting was called Bogor Conference. The conference was decided a few things as follows.
1. Asia-Africa conference in Bandung in April 1955.
2. Define the five countries in the Bogor Conference as a sponsor of the Asian-African Conference.
3. Invited participants from 25 countries of Asia and Africa.
4. Determine the main purpose of the Asian-African Conference.
The main objective of the Asian-African Conference (AAC) is to increase cooperation and good relations between countries of Asia and Africa, attention to social issues, economics, culture, and specifically an issue faced by each country, as well as trying to foster world peace. Subject discussed in the Asian-African Conference are as follows.
1. Economic Cooperation
2. Cultural cooperation
3. Human rights and the right of self-determination
4. Problems of the nations that have not been independent
5. World peace and international cooperation.
Asian-African Conference was attended by 24 countries plus 5 state sponsors. The conference was held in Bandung Asia-Africa House on 18-25 April 1955. The countries attending the Asian-African Conference, which is as follows.
1. Afghanistan 16.Nepal
2. Ethiopia 17.Pakistan
3. Philippines 18.Pantai Gold (Ghana)
4. India 19.Arab Arabia
5. Indonesia 20.Srilanka
6. Iraq 21.Sudan
7. Iran 22.Syria
8. Japan 23.Thailand
9. Cambodia 24.Tiongkok (PRC)
10.Laos 25.Turki
South 11.Lebanon 26.Vietnam
North 12.Liberia 27.Vietnam
13.Libya 28Yaman
14.Mesir 29.Yordania
15.Birma (Myanmar)
In his opening speech, the President stressed that colonialism was still alive in the world. The statement was welcomed and encouraging a spirit of brotherhood and unity among the conference participants. Asian-African Conference to produce a decision that called the Ten Principles of Bandung. Such decisions are the foundation spirit and determination Asian and African nations to realize a better life and world peace. The contents of the Ten Principles of Bandung is as follows.
1. Respect the basic rights of man and the objectives and principles contained in the UN Charter.
2. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
3. Acknowledging all ethnic groups and equality of all nations, big or small.
4. Did not intervene or interfere in matters of another country's.
5. Respecting the rights of all nations to defend themselves individually or collectively in accordance with the UN Charter>
6. Not use the rules of collective defense to serve the special interests of one large country and not do it to other countries.
7. No actions or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of a nation.
8. Resolve all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiations, agreements, arbitration (legal settlement), or other peaceful means according to the choice of the parties concerned in accordance with the UN charter.
9. Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation.
10.Menghormati law and international obligations.
Declaration Djuanda
On December 13, 1957, the government set Djuanda Declaration of Indonesian territorial sea limit. Basic fundamentals waters zoning considerations, among others, as follows.
1. Form of geographical territory of Indonesia as an archipelagic country consisting of thousands of islands and has its own style.
2. Territorial integrity and protection of wealth nations Indonesia, should dianggp as a whole round. Provisions of the territorial sea boundary is poured into No.4/PRP/tahun Act 1960 and in the State Gazette No.20/1960 dated February 18, 1960. These laws regulate the ocean archipelago order to view the entire territory of Indonesia as a unified whole. Delimitation of national waters or using the principle Archipelago Archipelago.
The contents of the Law on Waters No.4/PRP/1960 Indonesia, among others, as follows.
1. Indonesian waters are the sea areas and inland waters or waters of Indonesia archipelago.
2. Indonesia is the sea area-wide curved line 12 nautical miles from the outer islands or parts of the outer islands with a straight line connected with one another.
3. If there is a wide strait not exceeding 24 nautical miles, the sea boundary line drawn region in the middle of the strait.
4. Inland waters or waters Nusantara Indonesia is all the waters located on the side of the base line.
5. Right across the sea peaceful foreign water vehicles are recognized and guaranteed as long as does not interfere or conflict with the safety and security of the nation and country areas.
Shipping forces Garuda
Indonesian participation in the world security and stability are actively demonstrated by sending troops for peace mission called Garuda forces. Rock the Cold War period, increasing the intensity of conflict between states in Southeast Asia became a phenomenon that threatens regional stability. The emergence of the communist forces in various countries, like Vietnam and Cambodia, became the source of this instability. Therefore, on 15-17 May 1970, in Jakarta, diadakanlah meeting to discuss the Cambodian conflict resolution. The conference was attended by Laos, South Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Australia. The aim is to bring about peaceful conditions in Southeast Asia.
Finally, according to the Paris Agreement on January 23, 1973, Indonesia was elected as one of the countries that sit in the International Commission for Control and Supervision (ICCS). This Board member states Poland, Hungary, Iran, and Indonesia's duty to supervise the ceasefire in South Vietnam. In practice, Indonesia sent troops to participate in peace missions to provide mediation in peacemaking in Cambodia. Troop contingent delegation is led by Lieutenant General HR Dharsono, who also served as ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia for the Khmer Republic. Shipping options are divided into pasiukan Garuda IV forces led by Brigadier General Wijogo, Garuda V Force led by Brigadier General Harsojo, and VII Garuda Forces led by Brigadier General Soekemi Soemantri. Sending troops into Cambodia Garuda done in the period January to 27 April 1975. Garuda calling home troops on April 27, 1975 in Saigon done for security reasons as dengn communist victory in Vietnam.
Previously, sending troops also conducted by Garuda Indonesia Garuda by sending troops to the Middle East. Middle East situation is even more heated after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal to force the UN to establish perdamamain UN troops on November 5, 1956. The UN established the UN command unit called the United Nations Emergency Forces (United Nations Emergency Force) consisting of troops from several countries, including Indonesia. Garuda Indonesia troops I formed a deployment to the Middle East in January 1957. In addition, Indonesia also sent troops Garuda Contingent II and III troops into Congo Garuda. The order of involvement in the delivery of Indonesia Garuda Contingent troops could be seen as follows.
1. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) I, led by Lieutenant Colonel Hartoyo, later replaced by Lt. Col. Suhadi Suromihardjo. This contingent served in Egypt since 27 November 1956hingga September 1957.
2. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) II, led by Colonel Prijatna, later replaced by Lt. Col. Ana. This contingent duty in Congo since September 1960 until May 1961. The number of Army personnel Garuda II is 1074 people.
3. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) III, led by Brigadier General Kemal Idris, was replaced by Colonel Sabirin Mochtar. This contingent duty in Congo since May 1961 until the end of 1963. Jumalh Forces personnel in 3475 Garuda III is one. Minister / Commander of the Army Army Achmad Yani never visited the headquarters of UN troops in Congo on May 19, 1963.
4. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) IV, led by Brigadier General Wijogo. This contingent served in Vietnam in 1973.
5. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) V, led by Brigadier General Harsojo. This contingent also served in Vietnam until the year 1974.
6. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) VIETNAM, led by Colonel Rudini. This contingent served in Egypt in line after the outbreak of war between Egypt-Israel on October 6, 1973.
7. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) VII, led by Brigadier General Soekemi Soemantri, later replaced by Maj. Gen. Kharis Suhud. This contingent served in Vietnam in the period 1974-1975.
8. Army contingents Garuda (Konga) VIII-duty in the Middle East during the period September 1974 to October 1979.
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