A. CRISIS of MULTIDIMENSI AND APPEARANCE REFORM
At in the middle of the 1997, monetary crisis knock over nations in South East Asia, including Indonesia. Monetary Crisis is in Indonesia started by menurun rupiah exchange rate him it. critical Society group see that this crisis represent mistake of bad assessed New Order in managing governance
crisis of Multidimensi which knock over Indonesia in year range of time 1997-1998 giving to access big to dynamics life of economics, political, and social of nation. Various crisis which knock over this Indonesia is also decorated by various political and bloody event in it.
Economic Crisis
Economic Crisis which knock over Indonesia at 1997 representing a domino effect of economic crisis of Asia which knock over various state, like Thailand, Philippine, and Malaysia. Because of existence of weak economic fundamen, Natural Indonesia [of] difficulties in arranging to redo its economics to go out from crisis.
Growth of Indonesia economics have experienced of stagnansi since year 1990-an. That moment, system of neoliberalisme become norm arrangement of world politics and economics. Pursuant to cymbal boundaries which have by World Bank, development of economics pertained to succeed if fulfilling conditions which in determining by World Bank. The Conditions among others is the existence of the make-up of invesment in educational, marked with make-up of human resource, low of him mount corruption exist in governance tataran, and existence of political credibility and stability.
Conditions which in telling by that World Bank become a kind of reference to negara-nagara expand in doing conducting development of economics, specially state receiver of overseas aid like Indonesia. However, at crisis 1997, condition of Indonesia economics do not criterions satupun merepresentasikan which have been specified by World Bank. Economics of natural Indonesia of degradation till reach 0% year 1998
Decline of Indonesia economics in the reality do not in answering to by President of Soeharto by making repair in the case of policy of economics, but exactly by having recourse development fund of international institution, that is International Monetary Fund ( IMF). At 15 January 1998, President of Soeharto sign 50 item of Letter Intent of ( Loi) witnessed by Director of IMF Asian, Michel Camdessus, as a condition to get overseas relief fund kucuran.
referred at definition mount efficacy of economics a n nation released by World Bank, hence can be concluded that economics of Indonesia year 1997 / 1998 is experiencing of ruination. In the case of invesment and improvement of capital, Indonesia lost ground keen. number of Ekspor-Impor drastic downhill Indonesia because effort sector do not be trusted by banking of Indonesia. Handling of economic crisis of Indonesia in year 1997 / 1998 tip of at crisis appearance of multidimensi, good that social and political, and also crisis trust of society to governance.
Social Crisis
At a period of to is final of governance of New Order, Natural Indonesia of high politics, either in governance tataran and also mounted by movement of student and people.
There are two aspiration type in society, supporting Soeharto or claiming him it so that to be alighting from presidency chair. Society group claiming President of Soeharto step back from governance deputized by student. That tower, social crisis of horizontal in Indonesia also experience of top dot. Appearance various riot of social of horizontal at 13-14 May 1998 representing implication of policy of economics of sentralistik generating creavasse winnow of prosperity which high so among between area and center. Transmigration pattern applied by government do not accompany with handling of solidarity of social in area of is target of. In the end, jelaousy of social effect of existence of disparitas mount the the economics cannot be obviated. This condition later;then trigger demand to central government for the reform of pattern development of economics.
Political Crisis
There are various deviation in execution of Democracy Five Principles. MPR and of DPR only aspiration follow-up some just society group. political Aspiration process to government of distribution [do] not perfectly. Thereby, process channeling of people aspiration even also become to be pursued.
Besides, corruption culture, nepotism and collutio ( KKN) have grown on strength in body of birokasi governance. Thereby, process mandatory gift giving and observation of leadership among between DPR and of MPR with president becoming not perfect caused by tying of KKN. Legislative element which as real as executed by MPR and of DPR in making legal fundaments and state bow become is fully done conducted by president of Soeharto. As a result, political success of governance is becoming not executed better. This condition trigger appearance of is condition of status quo causing at political crisis appearance.
B. CHRONOLOGY THE FALL OF GOVERNANCE OF NEW ORDER
Asian Background Crisis and Height of KKN in Body Governance of State
Pemicu from downfall of governance of this New Order, for example is because height mount KKN ( Corruption, Collutio, and Nepotism) in governance. Besides, swelling of it overseas debt number also become one of the pemicu from the fall of New Order
Cause downfall of governance of New Order can be seen from 2 viewpoint, that is as implication of monetary crisis of Asia in year 1997 and height mount KKN in governance body.
Domino effect from condition of downfall of direct economics affect at life of society. Price goods height and unavoidable inflation even also. See difficult social life gelagat many party side wishing change. Student represent one of the social group of most society of vowel in voicing repair of governance structure at that moment. Student even also start to compile strategy to give feedback to weakness of governance system. Student later;then compile addressed reform agenda to government of New Order. this Content Agenda reform, for example focused at things following:
1. Judging Soeharto and of Kroni-Kroninya
2. Doing Conducting amandemen to UUD 1945
3. Vanishing Is Double of Function of ABRI in structure governance of State
4. Straightening of rule of law in Indonesia
5. Realizing governance which clear of corruption elements, collutio, and nepotism ( KKN).
Downhill of it pamour governance of New Order have been started [by] semenjak signing of agreement of gift giving of relief fund of IMF at medio 1997.
Structural Adjustment Program is conditions of IMF to Indonesia in four principal plane. First, pengetatan of fiscal policy; both, abolition of subsidy; third, closing 16 bank in Indonesia; and is fourth, commanding central bank to boost up rate of interest storey;level.
both second Agreement with IMF is even also re-performed at 15 January 1998. emphasized by condition is IMF to Indonesia is amputation entire/all people subsidy and vanish monopolistic praktik. Besides, IMF also require abolition all kind of subsidy of[is effort national given by government. Conditions of this IMF later;then bring Indonesia to deeper economic obsolence.
Chronology Retirement Of Soeharto of Chair Presidency
Answering to the condition of economics which going worse various performed by actions is student along with society element start to pop out since month;moon of Februari 1998, and reach its top at May 1998. At 12 May 1998, various student element perform peaceful demonstration action claim degradation of price in Jakarta. In University of Trisakti, peaceful demonstration action even also happened. But, situation later;then day time heat before evening. Inescapable collision even also, four student defeated and tens of experiencing of serious hurt. Fourth of the student is Hawk of Mulya Lesmana, Hafidhin Royan, Hendriawan Sie, and Heri Hartanto. They is later;then dubed as reform warrior. Previous, a student of Yogyakarta, so called of Moses Gatotkaca, also defeated in a collision with time security government officer do conduct action claim the resignment of President of Soeharto. Moses Gatotkaca die at 8 May 1998. At 13 and 14 May 1998, riot even also break in Jakarta and other metropolis.
Atmosphere of Jakarta very tense of riot pascatragedi 13 and 14 May 1998 this continue to take place till performing of mass demonstration action by all student on 19 May 1998. By in large numbers, all student do conduct march long go to building of MPR / DPR. Its target is to claim to go down President him of Soeharto, performing special conference of MPR, and execution of total reform in body governance of state. Besides in Jakarta, in is same day of similar action also happened in Yogyakarta
On is same, that is 19 May 1998, President of Soeharto invite elite figures to come to Palace State. Its Agenda is to study all possibility of handling of state crisis. Figure- figure the invited to amount to 9 people. They is Nurcholis Madjid, Abdurrahman Wahid, Emha Ainin Nadjib, Ali Yafie, Malik Fadjar, Cholil Baidlowi, Sutrisno Muhdam, Ma'Aruf Amen and Ahmad Bagdja. Besides, attending also Yuhsril Ihza Mahendra, Secretary Military President of Mayjen Jasril Jakub, and President adjutant. In this meeting, is reached by agreement to form an named by body is Committee Reform. Duty of Committee Reform is to finish UU Party, UU General election, UU Formation and Domicile MPR / DPR and also DPRD , UU Anti-Monopoli, UU Anti-Korupsi, and is other.
At 20 May 1998, atmosphere in building of MPR / DPR have crowded by student. Various society group, specially student, claiming to go down him of Soeharto of presidency chair
Strength of student progressively is strong the than solid in building of MPR / DPR. Student even also execute commemorative action of National Resurrection Day in building page;yard of MPR / DPR. Action of[is 20 May 1998 this attended by various elite figure. Madeleine Albright express that retirement of President of Soeharto have represented road;street which its is it him done conducted to give road;street to transition democratize in Indonesia. He affirm that this opportunity represent momentum to President of Soeharto to incise historical step of him as statesman
At 16.45, happened meeting among between delegation of student with head of MPR / DPR in floor 3 old building of MPR / DPR. In this meeting, student give deadline retirement of Soeharto till Friday, 22 May 1998. If [there] no furthermore certainty, hence on Monday, 25 May 1998 head of DPR will draw up Special Conference of MPR.
Action in building of MPR / DPR of its top at 21 May 1998. At 09.06 WIB, Soeharto announce x'self backing of President Republic Of Indonesia position have. Place to in Credential Room, Palace State of Jakarta, witnessed by Head of Attomey General. Copy Backing x'self entitle Statement Desist As President of RI, which in writing by Yusril Ihza Mahendra. After retirement of Soeharto, Direct Appellate Court constitute Vice President of Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie as new President Republic Of Indonesia. Momentum go down him of Soeharto at 21 May 1998 this terminate governance of New Order which have walked during 32 year in Indonesia.
C. GROWTH OF POLITICS AFTER 21 MEI 1998
Especial Agendas of B.J. Habibie
Go up him of Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie to presidency chair replace Soeharto represent momentum early from existence of growth of politics, economic, and social of pasca - 21 May 1998.
M.C. Ricklefs ( a Australian historian) see that there are five area becoming especial konsiderasi of governance of President of Habibie, namely reform future, future of ABRI, areas future which wish to secede from Indonesia, future of Soeharto along with and family of kroni-kroninya, and economics future and prosperity of Indonesia people.
22 May 1998, President of B.J. Habibie form named by cabinet formation is Cabinet Reform Development. Cabinet which is have this 16 minister member to focussed correction of economics in five especial job activity area, among others as follows.
1. process summary banking of Indonesia
2. Executing banks liquidation having problem
3. Improve;Repairing rupiah exchange rate number to United States dollar till reach number below/under Rp10.000,00
4. Develop;Build new construction of economics of Indonesia
5. Executing economic reform conditions which given by IMF to Indonesia
Gift giving of Amnesty and Appearance Freedom Have a notion
At a period of/to its governance, liberty of the press returned to its place initialy. Freedom gather and express opinion even also return upraisedly. President of Habibie even also plan to do to perform of really fair and square general election. This implementation later;then seen in the year 1999, with execution of general election which involve 48 political party in it.
Besides, President of Habibie also release a policy to make Team Aliance Searcher Of Fact (TGPF). Duty of this team is to look for everything related to riot 13-14 May 1998 in Jakarta. TGPF led by Marzuki Darusman. TGPF execute its duty to decrease to to regarding hit event in around riot 13-14 May 1998 chronologically.
Other agenda which is President cymbal of Habibie concerning freedom gather and submit opinion in public. In UUD 1945, this rights is expressed expressly in section 28. See this matter, President of Habibie release one policy which is decanted in Code Law of No. 9 Year 1998 containing about Independence Submit Opinion in public. President of Habibie also abstract UU No. 11/PNPS/1963 about Eradication of Action Subversion by releasing UU No. 26 Year 1999.
Double Problems of Function of ABRI
Double Apparition of Function of ABRI initially represent concept raised by General of A.H. Nasution at 11 November 1958. In its oration which entitle " A Middle Course", General of Nasution express that army also represent strength of political social which sharing in social social activity. Military position at reform era do not get good enough place in society liver. Event of shoting four student of Trisakti at 12 May 1998 making attitude surely society of that scorpion military eksistensi. Demand to vanish Doublely of Function of ABRI even also become especial issue in reform agenda. President of Habibie answer to the mentioned by applying various policy.
applied by policy is Habibie, for example is to dissociate Police Republic Of Indonesia of Armed Forces Republic Of Indonesia body ( ABRI). ABRI altered by its name become National Military Indonesia ( TNI). Double Correction of Function of ABRI in governance body executed with reducing existence of ABRI in DPR. This Reduction specify only 38 chair coming from ABRI, previous there are 75 chair. Thereby, execution of Double doctrine of Function of ABRI in governance body earn in eliminir step by step.
Reform Punish and Legislation
Governance of President of Habibie also do conduct reform in the field of legislation and law. In Special Conference of MPR of is 10-13 November 1998, there are mass change to system punish and legislation
Correction of sector punish and this legislation later;then bring life of political social of Indonesia become barerly. Existence of guarantee to execution of Human right in Indonesia become momentum early to opening of cases collision of HAM in Indonesia which not yet complete till that moment.
General Election 1999
A period of to governance of New Order during 32 year do not give wind which fresh enough to nation life of democrazy. During that range of time, general election process very predominated by Functional Group victory ( Functional Group). Governance Of President of B.J. Habibie taking hold of at success reform era incise one big history, that is carrying out general election figuring in almost entire all nation ideology faction. A number of 48 political party participate in event of akbar this. President of Habibie clip code law talking about general election, formation, dimiciling, duty, and also authority of MPR / DPR. This code law is used by during governance of New Order take place the. code law, for example as follows.
1. UU No. 1 Year 1985, arranging about General Election
2. UU No. 2 Year 1985, arranging about Formation, Dimiciling, Duty, and Authority of institute of MPR /DPR UU No.
3. Year 1985, arranging about party system in Indonesia. In this code law, is contended that by social organization of politics enabled to follow general election only PPP, PDI, and Functional group
4. UU No. 4 Year 1985, containing regarding hit arrangement of anti-subversif
5. UU No. 5 Year 1985, containing about organizational eksistensi of mass in Indonesia.
Instead, specified by 3 political code law newly signed by at 1 Februari 1999. Its contents concerning code law concerning political party, general election process, and also formation and domicile ( MPR,DPR), and DPRD. Afterwards president form Commission General Election (KPU) which is its member consist of proxy of parpol governmental proxy and
Its impact, life of democrazy in Indonesia start to see. Various social group of wishful politics to participate in general election. However, pursuant to code law which have in ratifying at 1 Februari 1999, only 48 political party geting away to accelerate in General Election rotation from 112 political party which enlist. Commisioned committee to filter that political partys named by Committee 11.
System arrangement of General election 1999 arranged in UU No. 3 Year 1999. In this regulation, is contended that by regulation of general election have the character of mixture among between system of proporsional system and of distik. event General election of 1999 this represent a fresh wind to life of nation politics. system of Multipartai which have been run to become the place of people voices accomodation owning immeasurable aspiration and ideology.
D. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITION of SOCIETY of PASCA-REFORMASI
Indonesia show very slowgoing result in correction of crisis of multidimensi compared to other Nations Asia. Height mount internal political conflict intensity of home affairs make concentration handling of optimal social and economic problem becoming not. Besides, motivation of IMF to apply Structural Adjustment Program ( Structural Program Adjustment) in Indonesia do not growing lightly of economic burden of nation. Its cause is that policy packages promoted by the IMF in fact disagree with which in requiring by Indonesia people. The Policys only seeing one just viewpoint, that is economics resilience viewpoint. Social society resilience effect of applying of policy of IMF which only relate at economics resilience do not is so paid attention. Premis IMF which see that there is him of is make-up of economics resilience an state will directly induce at make-up of society social resilience, is later;then broken in Indonesia case. social and economic Condition of Indonesia society do not show result of good.
If is, careful, deteriorating of it social and economic condition of Indonesia of Pascareformasi one of them can be seen from poin policy of abolition of subsidy to society which in promoting by IMF. That Policy do not enable government give aid subsidize any to sector economics of home affairs. Protectionism to sector economics of home affairs is even also prohibited. IMF see that repair of economics of nation will be more be effective if delivered at strength of market economics. However, in one side, economic crisis which knock over Indonesia cause at menurun society purchasing power him it. Whereas on the other side, government may not give subsidy which is to increase economics of society, good that in the form of subsidy of is effort and also protectionism to local economic sector. The increasing of problem of social even also become do not be obviated from existence of this economic crisis.
Project of correction of social and economic condition which is governmental cymbal of reform era, for example focusing at the followings
1. Improving work field as optimal as possible
2. Providing fundamental reguirements of society
3. common public Facility Optimalisasi to society
4. Optimal of education sector, with aim to to give to access which easy for society to obtain;get competent to education
5. Giving amenity to society to access health
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